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		<title>Justice écologique et Ecoféminisme / RISING OCEAN avec Zo Randriamaro et Françoise Vergès</title>
		<link>https://craadoimada.com/justice-ecologique-et-ecofeminisme/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Volahery ANDRIAMANANTENASOA]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 02 Dec 2024 16:54:05 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[<p>Justice écologique et écoféminisme Echange mené par Ashvin Gudday entre la politologue et militante féministeFrançoise Vergès (France/Réunion) et l&#8217;activiste feministe et chercheuse en sciences...</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://craadoimada.com/justice-ecologique-et-ecofeminisme/">Justice écologique et Ecoféminisme / RISING OCEAN avec Zo Randriamaro et Françoise Vergès</a> appeared first on <a href="https://craadoimada.com">CRAAD-OI</a>.</p>
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					<div class="elementor-shortcode"><ul class="breadcrumbs"><li><a href="https://craadoimada.com">Accueil /&nbsp;</a></li><li class="now">On en parle</li></ul></div>
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				<h2 class="h2_interne">Justice écologique et écoféminisme</h2>					</div>
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												<img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="1068" height="512" src="https://craadoimada.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Justice-ecologique-et-Ecofeminisme-1.png" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" srcset="https://craadoimada.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Justice-ecologique-et-Ecofeminisme-1.png 1068w, https://craadoimada.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Justice-ecologique-et-Ecofeminisme-1-300x144.png 300w, https://craadoimada.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Justice-ecologique-et-Ecofeminisme-1-1024x491.png 1024w, https://craadoimada.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Justice-ecologique-et-Ecofeminisme-1-150x72.png 150w, https://craadoimada.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Justice-ecologique-et-Ecofeminisme-1-768x368.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1068px) 100vw, 1068px" />														</div>
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				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-28a5a937 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="28a5a937" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
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				<p><iframe title="Justice écoligique et Ecoféminisme" width="640" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/r-Mtdv-o-vA?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe></p><p>Echange mené par Ashvin Gudday entre la politologue et militante féministeFrançoise Vergès (France/Réunion) et l&rsquo;activiste feministe et chercheuse en sciences sociales Zo Randriamaro dans le cadre de l&rsquo;École d&rsquo;écologie politique de l&rsquo;océan Indien organisée par le Centre for Alternative Research and Studies.</p>					</div>
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		<p>The post <a href="https://craadoimada.com/justice-ecologique-et-ecofeminisme/">Justice écologique et Ecoféminisme / RISING OCEAN avec Zo Randriamaro et Françoise Vergès</a> appeared first on <a href="https://craadoimada.com">CRAAD-OI</a>.</p>
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		<title>Des paysans se dressent contre l&#8217;exploitation des terres rares</title>
		<link>https://craadoimada.com/des-paysans-se-dressent-contre-lexploitation-des-terres-rares/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[CRAAD-OI]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 07 Sep 2023 06:09:10 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[<p>Dans la presqu’île d’Ampasindava, les risques de pollution liés à l’extraction de ces minerais critiques pour la transition écologique fédèrent une irréductible opposition. Par...</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://craadoimada.com/des-paysans-se-dressent-contre-lexploitation-des-terres-rares/">Des paysans se dressent contre l&rsquo;exploitation des terres rares</a> appeared first on <a href="https://craadoimada.com">CRAAD-OI</a>.</p>
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				<div class="article__heading"><p class="article__desc">Dans la presqu’île d’Ampasindava, les risques de pollution liés à l’extraction de ces minerais critiques pour la transition écologique fédèrent une irréductible opposition.</p></div><p id="js-authors-trigger" class="meta meta__publisher meta__publisher--header"><span id="js-authors-list" class="meta__author meta__author--header"> Par <a class="article__author-link" href="/signataires/laurence-caramel/">Laurence Caramel</a><span class="author__desc author__desc--header">(Ampasindava et Nosi Be, nord-ouest de Madagascar, envoyée spéciale)</span> </span></p><section class="meta__date-reading"><span class="meta__date meta__date--header">Publié le 16 août 2023 à 13h00, modifié le 16 août 2023 à 13h44</span></section><section class="article__wrapper  "><article class="article__content old__article-content-single"><figure class="article__media"><img decoding="async" class="initial loaded" src="https://img.lemde.fr/2023/07/11/0/0/4032/2688/664/0/75/0/bf2892d_1689083688245-img-6819-2.JPG" sizes="(min-width: 1024px) 556px, 100vw" srcset=" https://img.lemde.fr/2023/07/11/0/0/4032/2688/556/0/75/0/bf2892d_1689083688245-img-6819-2.JPG 556w, https://img.lemde.fr/2023/07/11/0/0/4032/2688/600/0/75/0/bf2892d_1689083688245-img-6819-2.JPG 600w, https://img.lemde.fr/2023/07/11/0/0/4032/2688/664/0/75/0/bf2892d_1689083688245-img-6819-2.JPG 664w, https://img.lemde.fr/2023/07/11/0/0/4032/2688/700/0/75/0/bf2892d_1689083688245-img-6819-2.JPG 700w, https://img.lemde.fr/2023/07/11/0/0/4032/2688/800/0/75/0/bf2892d_1689083688245-img-6819-2.JPG 800w" alt="Marie-Angèle Ravelo, porte-parole du village de Betaimboa opposé à l’exploitation des terres rares de la presqu’île d’Ampasindava, dans le nord-ouest de Madagascar, en juin 2023." width="664" height="443" data-was-processed="true" /><noscript> <img decoding="async" src="https://img.lemde.fr/2023/07/11/0/0/4032/2688/664/0/75/0/bf2892d_1689083688245-img-6819-2.JPG" alt="Marie-Angèle Ravelo, porte-parole du village de Betaimboa opposé à l’exploitation des terres rares de la presqu’île d’Ampasindava, dans le nord-ouest de Madagascar, en juin 2023."> </noscript><figcaption class="article__legend" aria-hidden="true">Marie-Angèle Ravelo, porte-parole du village de Betaimboa opposé à l’exploitation des terres rares de la presqu’île d’Ampasindava, dans le nord-ouest de Madagascar, en juin 2023. <span class="article__credit" aria-hidden="true">LAURENCE CARAMEL</span></figcaption></figure><p class="article__paragraph ">De la ruée sur les terres rares d’Ampasindava, il ne reste que des trous. Des milliers de trous plus ou moins bien rebouchés. Et cinq grands bassins de 20 mètres de côté aux parois tapissées de bâches grises en plastique aujourd’hui décomposé. Marie-Angèle Ravelo peut en témoigner : accroupie devant une cavité d’un mètre de diamètre recouverte de rondins pour empêcher les enfants et les zébus de tomber, cette femme énergique, porte-parole des habitants de Betaimboa, a vécu la frénésie qui a emporté la région il y a une dizaine d’années.</p><p class="article__paragraph ">Personne, à l’époque, ne comprenait vraiment ce qui était recherché, ni quand cela allait s’arrêter. <em>« Les hommes avaient des GPS. Ils sont venus dans nos champs et ont creusé des trous de 10 mètres de profondeur. Au début, ils faisaient seulement des prélèvements tous les mètres avec un kapok </em>[ une mesure de 300 g utilisée pour le riz ].<em> Ils nous ont dit qu’ils voulaient les analyser, puis ils ont pris toute la terre. Nous n’avons pas pu nous y opposer », </em>raconte la quinquagénaire au milieu des lianes de vanille qui courent le long des arbres d’un sous-bois ombragé.</p></article></section><p class="article__paragraph ">Située au nord-ouest de <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/madagascar/">Madagascar</a> en face de l’île de Nosi Be, la presqu’île montagneuse d’Ampasindava est recouverte en grande partie de forêts. Dépourvue de routes, elle est tournée vers la mer qui est souvent pour les paysans sakalava le plus court chemin pour rejoindre les bourgs alentour et écouler leurs récoltes de vanille, de poivre, de café ou de cacao. Mais, en ce début d’hiver austral, sous un soleil encore brûlant, l’inquiétude perce sous l’indolence. <em>« Ils vont revenir. Ce n’est qu’une question de temps. Des vazaha </em>[des Blancs]<em> sont passés il n’y a pas longtemps dans un village à côté »</em>, s’alarme Marie-Angèle Ravelo, qui a pris l’habitude de vivre aux aguets.</p><p class="article__paragraph ">Et pour cause : son village, Betaimboa, est situé au sein de la concession minière qui occupe 300 km<sup>2</sup> à Ampasindava, soit un tiers de la presqu’île, le reste étant classé en aire naturelle protégée. Selon les évaluations les plus récentes, 628 millions de tonnes d’argiles ioniques dorment dans ces sous-sols avec une importante concentration en terres rares. Celles-ci désignent un groupe de dix-sept éléments métalliques dont les propriétés, en particulier magnétiques, en font des composants très recherchés dans les technologies de pointe développées pour les éoliennes, les panneaux solaires ou encore les moteurs électriques. Parmi elles, le dysprosium, le néodymium et l’europium – présentes à Ampasindava – sont les plus demandées et donc les plus chères.</p><h3 class="article__sub-title">Seuls des permis de recherche ont été délivrés</h3><p class="article__paragraph ">Alors, depuis 2009, la région vit au rythme des soubresauts de la concession. Au gré de la conjoncture et des déboires financiers de ses actionnaires, le projet a plusieurs fois changé de propriétaires. L’Australien Allan Mulligan est le dernier à penser avoir mis la main sur une affaire extraordinaire. <em>« Personne n’aurait pu imaginer qu’une si petite compagnie puisse attraper un si gros éléphant. Ampasindava est l’un des plus importants gisements de terres rares en dehors de la Chine </em>[à l’origine de 70 % de la production mondiale en 2022]<em>. Et il est prêt à être développé. Je suis excité, très excité par ce projet »</em>, se réjouissait-il, en vieux routier, dans une conférence sur les minerais pour batteries organisée à Perth (Australie) en avril.</p><p class="article__paragraph ">Pour montrer à quel point il y croit, Allan Mulligan a baptisé la société créée en avril 2022 avec trois autres compatriotes, Harena, qui signifie<em> « trésor »</em> en malgache. En octobre 2022, elle a racheté Reenova Rare Earth Malagasy, une entreprise détenue par des investisseurs singapouriens, dernière dans la cascade d’entités qui – sur le papier – se sont succédé depuis 2009 pour exploiter le gisement.</p><figure class="article__media"><noscript> <img decoding="async" src="https://img.lemde.fr/2023/07/11/168/0/4032/2688/664/0/75/0/8758fc8_1689083802489-img-6922-2.JPG" alt="Un villageois montre un bassin abandonné, à l’origine destiné à la première étape du traitement des terres rares d’Ampasindava, dans le nord-ouest de Madagascar, en juin 2023."> </noscript><figcaption class="article__legend" aria-hidden="true">Un villageois montre un bassin abandonné, à l’origine destiné à la première étape du traitement des terres rares d’Ampasindava, dans le nord-ouest de Madagascar, en juin 2023. <span class="article__credit" aria-hidden="true">LAURENCE CARAMEL</span></figcaption></figure><p class="article__paragraph ">Jusqu’à présent pourtant, seuls des permis de recherche ont été délivrés. Trois au total sur une durée de onze ans, la période maximum accordée par l’administration malgache avant que la compagnie minière ne doive démontrer sa capacité à exploiter. C’est ce qui a conduit Reenova a demandé en septembre 2020, en pleine pandémie de Covid-19, un permis d’exploitation. En réalité, la société avait déjà commencé à sombrer.</p><p class="article__paragraph ">A Ambanja, chef-lieu du district du même nom situé à 50 kilomètres de la presqu’île, les rideaux de fer de la maison bleue et ocre qui hébergeait les bureaux et le laboratoire de Reenova sont tirés. Même le gardien ne répond plus. Une quarantaine de salariés officiellement toujours sous contrat ne sont plus payés depuis presque deux ans. C’est le cas de l’ancien responsable de la communication, Parfait Sangoay : <em>« J’ai travaillé pour eux pendant six ans. Au plus fort de l’activité, il y a eu jusqu’à 1 000 travailleurs par jour sur le site. Je devais expliquer le projet aux populations. Cette mine, c’est beaucoup d’argent pour les Occidentaux. Mais, maintenant, on ne sait pas ce qu’il va arriver. Est-ce que ce sera différent avec Harena ? »</em> , s’interroge-t-il sans cacher l’hostilité à laquelle il a été confronté en faisant la publicité des miniers.</p><h3 class="article__sub-title">Impact sur l’environnement</h3><p class="article__paragraph ">Dans la petite ville, l’annonce du retour des investisseurs étrangers n’a pas tardé à se répandre et Raymond Mandiny, le président du Comité de réflexion et d’action pour le développement et l’environnement du Sambirano (Crades), est à nouveau sur le pied de guerre. <em>« Je n’avais jamais entendu parler des terres rares avant 2009. Mais nous avons appris et nous savons maintenant que les produits chimiques qu’ils utilisent pour extraire les minerais peuvent tuer. Heureusement, ils n’ont pas eu le temps de faire leurs essais. De grands bassins ont été préparés mais ils n’ont jamais servi »</em>, raconte cette figure de la mobilisation contre l’exploitation des terres rares d’Ampasindava.</p><p class="article__paragraph ">Ce petit homme au crâne rasé qui parle avec autorité possède ses antennes dans tous les villages de la presqu’île. Même le roi sakalave Tsiaraso IV s’est désormais rangé de leur côté, assure-t-il : <em>« Plusieurs milliers de paysans sont directement menacés par la mine. Que va-t-on leur donner ? A Madagascar, je n’ai jamais vu que l’activité minière soit bénéfique aux communautés. »</em></p><p class="article__paragraph ">L’extraction des terres rares est connue pour son impact délétère sur l’environnement. Des montagnes de roche doivent être fracturées pour en tirer des quantités infimes de minerais. Dans le cas d’Ampasindava, les calculs promettent 8 kg de terres rares dans 10 tonnes de roches argileuses. Le procédé de lixiviation le plus souvent utilisé par les industriels est aussi à hauts risques car il consomme d’importantes quantités de solutions chimiques comme le sulfate d’ammonium pour isoler les métaux recherchés dans la roche concassée. La contamination des nappes phréatiques est le principal danger.</p><p class="article__paragraph ">Enfin, la présence des terres rares va généralement de pair avec celle de thorium et d’uranium radioactifs. Les études réalisées par la société allemande Tantalus, la première à qui la concession avait été attribuée, avaient longtemps conduit à écarter ce sujet. <em>« Les concentrations de thorium et d’uranium sont faibles, ce qui réduit le risque de problèmes environnementaux futurs connus pour entraver le développement économique de ce genre de projet »</em>, affirmait l’entreprise en 2011.</p><h3 class="article__sub-title">Des niveaux de radioactivité naturelle élevés</h3><p class="article__paragraph ">Un article publié en octobre 2021 dans la revue <em>American Journal of Innovative Research and Applied Science</em> a balayé ce constat. A partir de 49 échantillons prélevés en 2019, Olivier Rafidimanantsoa (de l’université d’Antananarivo) qui a dirigé ce travail, a relevé des niveaux de radioactivité naturelle <em>« supérieurs aux valeurs moyennes mondiales »</em> pour l’uranium, le thorium et le potassium. Cela pourrait <em>« engendrer des risques assez importants pour la population locale de la zone d’étude. La sensibilisation à l’effet de radioactivité naturelle doit être prioritaire ainsi que la mise en place du système de radioprotection du public et du travailleur »</em>, conclut-il.</p><p class="article__paragraph ">La concession minière englobe une quinzaine de villages. Antsirabe, avec ses maisons en dur et ses antennes Canal+ sur les toits, est l’un des plus prospères d’entre eux. A l’entrée de la presqu’île et à une heure de route de la RN6 qui conduit à Ambanja, les négociants viennent y acheter de la vanille bio.</p><figure class="article__media"><noscript> <img decoding="async" src="https://img.lemde.fr/2023/07/11/0/0/4032/2688/664/0/75/0/067aef9_1689083695411-img-6805-2.JPG" alt="Dans le bureau de Raphaël Moralahy, maire d’Antsirabe, l’un des villages concernés par le projet d’exploitation des terres rares de la presqu’île d’Ampasindava, au nord-ouest de Madagascar, en juin 2023."> </noscript><figcaption class="article__legend" aria-hidden="true">Dans le bureau de Raphaël Moralahy, maire d’Antsirabe, l’un des villages concernés par le projet d’exploitation des terres rares de la presqu’île d’Ampasindava, au nord-ouest de Madagascar, en juin 2023. <span class="article__credit" aria-hidden="true">LAURENCE CARAMEL</span></figcaption></figure><p class="article__paragraph "><em>« En tant que maire, je ne peux pas m’opposer à ce projet, </em>commente, prudemment, Raphaël Moralahy,<em> mais notre village s’est développé grâce à l’agriculture et à la vanille en particulier. La concession minière chevauche les plantations de plus d’un millier de paysans. Les compagnies n’ont jamais tenu leurs promesses ni pour la réhabilitation de l’école, ni pour soutenir de nouvelles activités. Maintenant, nous avons peur des conséquences que pourrait avoir la contamination chimique des rivières. »</em></p><p class="article__paragraph ">Sur son bureau, entre des tampons et le drapeau de Madagascar, la photo d’un paysage attire le regard, avec sa phrase en guise de légende empruntée à l’écrivain chinois, Nobel de littérature en 2000, Gao Xingjian : <em>« L’homme pille la nature, mais la nature finit toujours par se venger. »</em></p><h3 class="article__sub-title">« Nouvelle terre de sacrifice »</h3><p class="article__paragraph ">La nature garde encore ses droits à Ampasindava grâce à l’aire protégée créée en 2015. <em>« Nous avions plaidé pour que la réserve couvre toute la presqu’île mais nous n’avons pas eu gain de cause »</em>, se souvient Jeannie Raharimampionona, du Missouri Botanical Garden, qui a contribué au projet en inventoriant la faune et la flore. <em>« Ampasindava possède des écosystèmes et un climat uniques. C’est une zone frontière d’hybridation entre le nord et le sud de l’île où subsistent des reliques de forêts quasi primaires et des espèces qu’on ne trouve nulle part ailleurs »</em>, explique la botaniste. Cette avancée de terre sur la mer, bordée de mangroves, demeure le refuge de plusieurs espèces de lémuriens dont le petit <em>Lepilemur mittermeieri, </em>baptisé ainsi en l’honneur du primatologue américain Russell Mittermeier, à l’origine de l’ouvrage de référence sur les<em> Lémuriens de Madagascar </em>paru en 1994.</p><p class="article__paragraph ">Bien sûr, la perspective de la mine inquiète. <em>« Les villageois ne pourront pas rester près de la mine et ils migreront vers la zone protégée ce qui augmentera la pression sur un équilibre déjà fragile »</em>, redoute Joël Narivony, de l’ONG Famelona, chargée de la gestion du site. Quelque 15 000 personnes vivent déjà au sein de l’aire protégée. A deux heures de vedette rapide d’Ampasindava, sur l’île de Nosi Be, militants écologistes et scientifiques sont aussi sur le qui-vive. <em>« Les populations dépendent de la mer pour se nourrir et les courants remontent d’Ampasindava jusqu’à Nosi Be. Que feront-elles quand la pollution aura tout saccagé ? », </em>s’interroge Gisèle Bakary<em>.</em></p><p class="article__paragraph "><em>« La région qui part d’ici jusqu’à la baie de Diego Suarez est l’une des zones les plus riches au monde pour la biodiversité marine. Les baleines viennent s’y reproduire et on y trouve encore quelques dugongs. A-t-on envie de les sacrifier ? »,</em> poursuit cette biologiste retraitée du Centre national de recherches océanographiques. Les opérateurs touristiques de l’archipel ont aussi pris position : <em>« Madagascar ne peut pas faire la promotion d’un tourisme durable en prétendant protéger l’environnement et ouvrir au même endroit la voie à l’exploitation des terres rares »</em>, proteste Joël Soatra, le porte-parole d’une centaine d’entreprises du secteur.</p><p class="article__paragraph ">Contacté par <em>Le Monde</em>, Allan Mulligan se veut rassurant : <em>« Ampasindava fait partie de la nouvelle génération de projets extractifs à très faible impact. Il laissera une empreinte environnementale minimale pendant les opérations et un impact résiduel nul, tout en produisant des “minéraux verts”</em> vitaux pour le secteur des énergies renouvelables, précise-t-il dans le courrier qu’il nous a adressés. <em>Les minerais se trouvent à quelques mètres seulement de la surface ce qui permettra de ne traiter que des volumes de roches limités. Nous ne réaliserons pas de lixiviation in situ et les minerais ne contiennent pas de matières radioactives. Les déchets seront lavés et réintroduits dans la zone d’extraction qui sera recouverte de terre végétale préalablement stockée. »</em></p><section class="catcher catcher--favoris"></section><p class="article__paragraph ">Pas sûr que cela suffise à apaiser ceux qui redoutent que l’exploitation des terres rares d’Ampasindava ne conduise à un vaste désastre environnemental et humain et voient dans cette prédation des ressources par des sociétés occidentales la répétition d’une longue histoire, cette fois-ci sous couvert de transition verte. Reprenant la thèse de la géographe américaine Julie Klinger sur les <em>« frontières des terres rares »</em>, la sociologue Zo Randriamaro n’hésite pas à parler d’Ampasindava comme une <em>« nouvelle zone de sacrifice »</em> dans laquelle la destruction des vies et des paysages locaux sera le prix à payer pour permettre aux pays riches de s’adapter au changement climatique.</p><p class="article__paragraph ">En mai, au terme de longues tergiversations, le gouvernement a annoncé la levée du moratoire introduit en 2011 sur l’octroi de licences d’exploitation et publié un nouveau code minier qui prévoit notamment le relèvement des redevances payées par les compagnies de 2 % à 5 % sur la valeur des ressources exportées. Avec pour ambition affichée de placer Madagascar dans la compétition mondiale pour l’accès aux minerais critiques dont l’île est abondamment dotée. Harena Ressources pourra y voir un signe encourageant avant de devoir affronter une opposition locale qui, quinze ans après l’arrivée des premiers investisseurs étrangers, reste toujours mobilisée.</p><section class="author"><p class="article__author-container"><span class="author__detail"><a class="article__author-link" href="/signataires/laurence-caramel/"> <span class="author__name">Laurence Caramel</span><span class="author__desc">(Ampasindava et Nosi Be, nord-ouest de Madagascar, envoyée spéciale)</span></a></span></p></section>					</div>
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		<p>The post <a href="https://craadoimada.com/des-paysans-se-dressent-contre-lexploitation-des-terres-rares/">Des paysans se dressent contre l&rsquo;exploitation des terres rares</a> appeared first on <a href="https://craadoimada.com">CRAAD-OI</a>.</p>
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		<title>A Madagascar, des paysans se dressent contre l’exploitation des terres rares</title>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 01 Sep 2023 07:31:33 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[<p>A Madagascar, des paysans se dressent contre l’exploitation des terres rares Dans la presqu’île d’Ampasindava, les risques de pollution liés à l’extraction de ces...</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://craadoimada.com/a-madagascar-des-paysans-se-dressent-contre-lexploitation-des-terres-rares/">A Madagascar, des paysans se dressent contre l’exploitation des terres rares</a> appeared first on <a href="https://craadoimada.com">CRAAD-OI</a>.</p>
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				<div class="article__heading"><h6 class="article__title">A Madagascar, des paysans se dressent contre l’exploitation des terres rares</h6><p class="article__desc">Dans la presqu’île d’Ampasindava, les risques de pollution liés à l’extraction de ces minerais critiques pour la transition écologique fédèrent une irréductible opposition.</p></div><p><br />Vous pouvez partager un article en cliquant sur les icônes de partage en haut à droite de celui-ci. <br />La reproduction totale ou partielle d’un article, sans l’autorisation écrite et préalable du <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr">Monde</a>, est strictement interdite. <br />Pour plus d’informations, consultez nos <a href="https://moncompte.lemonde.fr/cgv">conditions générales de vente</a>. <br />Pour toute demande d’autorisation, contactez <a href="mailto:syndication@lemonde.fr">syndication@lemonde.fr</a>. <br />En tant qu’abonné, vous pouvez offrir jusqu’à cinq articles par mois à l’un de vos proches grâce à la fonctionnalité « Offrir un article ». <br /><br /><a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/08/16/a-madagascar-les-paysans-se-dressent-contre-l-exploitation-des-terres-rares_6185548_3212.html">https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/08/16/a-madagascar-les-paysans-se-dressent-contre-l-exploitation-des-terres-rares_6185548_3212.html</a><br /><br /></p><p class="article__paragraph ">De la ruée sur les terres rares d’Ampasindava, il ne reste que des trous. Des milliers de trous plus ou moins bien rebouchés. Et cinq grands bassins de 20 mètres de côté aux parois tapissées de bâches grises en plastique aujourd’hui décomposé. Marie-Angèle Ravelo peut en témoigner : accroupie devant une cavité d’un mètre de diamètre recouverte de rondins pour empêcher les enfants et les zébus de tomber, cette femme énergique, porte-parole des habitants de Betaimboa, a vécu la frénésie qui a emporté la région il y a une dizaine d’années.</p><p class="article__paragraph ">Personne, à l’époque, ne comprenait vraiment ce qui était recherché, ni quand cela allait s’arrêter. <em>« Les hommes avaient des GPS. Ils sont venus dans nos champs et ont creusé des trous de 10 mètres de profondeur. Au début, ils faisaient seulement des prélèvements tous les mètres avec un kapok </em>[ une mesure de 300 g utilisée pour le riz ].<em> Ils nous ont dit qu’ils voulaient les analyser, puis ils ont pris toute la terre. Nous n’avons pas pu nous y opposer », </em>raconte la quinquagénaire au milieu des lianes de vanille qui courent le long des arbres d’un sous-bois ombragé.</p><section class="catcher catcher--favoris"><div class="catcher__content"><span class="catcher__title catcher__title--hide">Lire aussi :</span><span class="catcher__desc"> <a class="js-article-read-also catcher--favoris__link" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/08/14/une-haute-responsable-de-madagascar-arretee-au-royaume-uni-pour-suspicion-de-corruption_6185371_3212.html" data-premium="">Madagascar : la directrice de cabinet du président Andry Rajoelina arrêtée à Londres pour tentative de corruption</a> </span></div><div class="catcher__favorite"><div class="meta__icon meta__icon--favorite lmd-dropdown-favorite" data-position="lire aussi" data-url="https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/08/14/une-haute-responsable-de-madagascar-arretee-au-royaume-uni-pour-suspicion-de-corruption_6185371_3212.html" data-loaded="loaded"> </div></div></section><section class="catcher catcher--favoris"><div class="catcher__favorite"><div class="meta__icon meta__icon--favorite lmd-dropdown-favorite" data-position="lire aussi" data-url="https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/08/14/une-haute-responsable-de-madagascar-arretee-au-royaume-uni-pour-suspicion-de-corruption_6185371_3212.html" data-loaded="loaded"><span class="meta__icon-desc meta__icon-desc--favorites js-favorites-desc" data-article-id="3334735" aria-hidden="true">Ajouter à vos sélections</span><div class="lmd-dropdown__content"><div class="lmd-dropdown__close"> </div><div class="lmd-typo--center lmd-dropdown-favorite__text">Pour ajouter l’article à vos sélections <br /><span class="lmd-typo--medium">identifiez-vous</span></div><a class="lmd-btn lmd-btn--primary lmd-btn--l lmd-btn--fullwidth lmd-link-nostyle js-btn-signup" href="https://secure.lemonde.fr/sfuser/register?article=3334735">S’inscrire gratuitement</a><div class="lmd-typo--center lmd-dropdown-favorite__text-login">Vous possédez déjà un compte ?<br /><a class="lmd-link js-link-login" href="https://secure.lemonde.fr/sfuser/connexion?article=3334735">Se connecter</a></div></div><div class="lmd-dropdown__overlay"> </div></div></div></section><p class="article__paragraph ">Située au nord-ouest de <a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/madagascar/">Madagascar</a> en face de l’île de Nosi Be, la presqu’île montagneuse d’Ampasindava est recouverte en grande partie de forêts. Dépourvue de routes, elle est tournée vers la mer qui est souvent pour les paysans sakalava le plus court chemin pour rejoindre les bourgs alentour et écouler leurs récoltes de vanille, de poivre, de café ou de cacao. Mais, en ce début d’hiver austral, sous un soleil encore brûlant, l’inquiétude perce sous l’indolence. <em>« Ils vont revenir. Ce n’est qu’une question de temps. Des vazaha </em>[des Blancs]<em> sont passés il n’y a pas longtemps dans un village à côté »</em>, s’alarme Marie-Angèle Ravelo, qui a pris l’habitude de vivre aux aguets.</p><div id="inread_top" class="dfp-slot dfp__slot dfp__inread" data-format="inread_top" aria-hidden="true" data-google-query-id="CJKQgLvziIEDFSlLpAQdRR0AEA"><div id="google_ads_iframe_/128139881/LM_lemonde/afrique/afrique/article/inread_top_0__container__"><iframe id="google_ads_iframe_/128139881/LM_lemonde/afrique/afrique/article/inread_top_0" tabindex="0" title="3rd party ad content" role="region" name="google_ads_iframe_/128139881/LM_lemonde/afrique/afrique/article/inread_top_0" width="360" height="300" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no" aria-label="Advertisement" data-google-container-id="4" data-load-complete="true" data-mce-fragment="1"></iframe></div></div><p class="article__paragraph ">Et pour cause : son village, Betaimboa, est situé au sein de la concession minière qui occupe 300 km<sup>2</sup> à Ampasindava, soit un tiers de la presqu’île, le reste étant classé en aire naturelle protégée. Selon les évaluations les plus récentes, 628 millions de tonnes d’argiles ioniques dorment dans ces sous-sols avec une importante concentration en terres rares. Celles-ci désignent un groupe de dix-sept éléments métalliques dont les propriétés, en particulier magnétiques, en font des composants très recherchés dans les technologies de pointe développées pour les éoliennes, les panneaux solaires ou encore les moteurs électriques. Parmi elles, le dysprosium, le néodymium et l’europium – présentes à Ampasindava – sont les plus demandées et donc les plus chères.</p><h2 class="article__sub-title">Seuls des permis de recherche ont été délivrés</h2><p class="article__paragraph ">Alors, depuis 2009, la région vit au rythme des soubresauts de la concession. Au gré de la conjoncture et des déboires financiers de ses actionnaires, le projet a plusieurs fois changé de propriétaires. L’Australien Allan Mulligan est le dernier à penser avoir mis la main sur une affaire extraordinaire. <em>« Personne n’aurait pu imaginer qu’une si petite compagnie puisse attraper un si gros éléphant. Ampasindava est l’un des plus importants gisements de terres rares en dehors de la Chine </em>[à l’origine de 70 % de la production mondiale en 2022]<em>. Et il est prêt à être développé. Je suis excité, très excité par ce projet »</em>, se réjouissait-il, en vieux routier, dans une conférence sur les minerais pour batteries organisée à Perth (Australie) en avril.</p><p class="article__paragraph ">Pour montrer à quel point il y croit, Allan Mulligan a baptisé la société créée en avril 2022 avec trois autres compatriotes, Harena, qui signifie<em> « trésor »</em> en malgache. En octobre 2022, elle a racheté Reenova Rare Earth Malagasy, une entreprise détenue par des investisseurs singapouriens, dernière dans la cascade d’entités qui – sur le papier – se sont succédé depuis 2009 pour exploiter le gisement.</p><figure class="article__media"><img decoding="async" class="lazy loaded" src="data:;base64,<svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 664 443'></svg> » sizes= »(min-width: 1024px) 556px, 100vw » srcset= » https://img.lemde.fr/2023/07/11/168/0/4032/2688/556/0/75/0/8758fc8_1689083802489-img-6922-2.JPG 556w, https://img.lemde.fr/2023/07/11/168/0/4032/2688/600/0/75/0/8758fc8_1689083802489-img-6922-2.JPG 600w, https://img.lemde.fr/2023/07/11/168/0/4032/2688/664/0/75/0/8758fc8_1689083802489-img-6922-2.JPG 664w, https://img.lemde.fr/2023/07/11/168/0/4032/2688/700/0/75/0/8758fc8_1689083802489-img-6922-2.JPG 700w, https://img.lemde.fr/2023/07/11/168/0/4032/2688/800/0/75/0/8758fc8_1689083802489-img-6922-2.JPG 800w » alt= »Un villageois montre un bassin abandonné, à l’origine destiné à la première étape du traitement des terres rares d’Ampasindava, dans le nord-ouest de Madagascar, en juin 2023. » width= »664&Prime; height= »443&Prime; data-srcset= » https://img.lemde.fr/2023/07/11/168/0/4032/2688/556/0/75/0/8758fc8_1689083802489-img-6922-2.JPG 556w, https://img.lemde.fr/2023/07/11/168/0/4032/2688/600/0/75/0/8758fc8_1689083802489-img-6922-2.JPG 600w, https://img.lemde.fr/2023/07/11/168/0/4032/2688/664/0/75/0/8758fc8_1689083802489-img-6922-2.JPG 664w, https://img.lemde.fr/2023/07/11/168/0/4032/2688/700/0/75/0/8758fc8_1689083802489-img-6922-2.JPG 700w, https://img.lemde.fr/2023/07/11/168/0/4032/2688/800/0/75/0/8758fc8_1689083802489-img-6922-2.JPG 800w » data-sizes= »(min-width: 1024px) 556px, 100vw » data-was-processed= »true » /><noscript> <img decoding="async" src="https://img.lemde.fr/2023/07/11/168/0/4032/2688/664/0/75/0/8758fc8_1689083802489-img-6922-2.JPG" alt="Un villageois montre un bassin abandonné, à l’origine destiné à la première étape du traitement des terres rares d’Ampasindava, dans le nord-ouest de Madagascar, en juin 2023."> </noscript><figcaption class="article__legend" aria-hidden="true">Un villageois montre un bassin abandonné, à l’origine destiné à la première étape du traitement des terres rares d’Ampasindava, dans le nord-ouest de Madagascar, en juin 2023. <span class="article__credit" aria-hidden="true">LAURENCE CARAMEL</span></figcaption></figure><p class="article__paragraph ">Jusqu’à présent pourtant, seuls des permis de recherche ont été délivrés. Trois au total sur une durée de onze ans, la période maximum accordée par l’administration malgache avant que la compagnie minière ne doive démontrer sa capacité à exploiter. C’est ce qui a conduit Reenova a demandé en septembre 2020, en pleine pandémie de Covid-19, un permis d’exploitation. En réalité, la société avait déjà commencé à sombrer.</p><div id="inread" class="dfp-slot dfp__slot dfp__inread" data-format="inread" aria-hidden="true" data-google-query-id="CKy70LvziIEDFaBVpAQdT6wLoA"><div id="google_ads_iframe_/128139881/LM_lemonde/afrique/afrique/article/inread_0__container__"> </div></div><p class="article__paragraph ">A Ambanja, chef-lieu du district du même nom situé à 50 kilomètres de la presqu’île, les rideaux de fer de la maison bleue et ocre qui hébergeait les bureaux et le laboratoire de Reenova sont tirés. Même le gardien ne répond plus. Une quarantaine de salariés officiellement toujours sous contrat ne sont plus payés depuis presque deux ans. C’est le cas de l’ancien responsable de la communication, Parfait Sangoay : <em>« J’ai travaillé pour eux pendant six ans. Au plus fort de l’activité, il y a eu jusqu’à 1 000 travailleurs par jour sur le site. Je devais expliquer le projet aux populations. Cette mine, c’est beaucoup d’argent pour les Occidentaux. Mais, maintenant, on ne sait pas ce qu’il va arriver. Est-ce que ce sera différent avec Harena ? »</em> , s’interroge-t-il sans cacher l’hostilité à laquelle il a été confronté en faisant la publicité des miniers.</p><h2 class="article__sub-title">Impact sur l’environnement</h2><p class="article__paragraph ">Dans la petite ville, l’annonce du retour des investisseurs étrangers n’a pas tardé à se répandre et Raymond Mandiny, le président du Comité de réflexion et d’action pour le développement et l’environnement du Sambirano (Crades), est à nouveau sur le pied de guerre. <em>« Je n’avais jamais entendu parler des terres rares avant 2009. Mais nous avons appris et nous savons maintenant que les produits chimiques qu’ils utilisent pour extraire les minerais peuvent tuer. Heureusement, ils n’ont pas eu le temps de faire leurs essais. De grands bassins ont été préparés mais ils n’ont jamais servi »</em>, raconte cette figure de la mobilisation contre l’exploitation des terres rares d’Ampasindava.</p><p class="article__paragraph ">Ce petit homme au crâne rasé qui parle avec autorité possède ses antennes dans tous les villages de la presqu’île. Même le roi sakalave Tsiaraso IV s’est désormais rangé de leur côté, assure-t-il : <em>« Plusieurs milliers de paysans sont directement menacés par la mine. Que va-t-on leur donner ? A Madagascar, je n’ai jamais vu que l’activité minière soit bénéfique aux communautés. »</em></p><section class="catcher catcher--favoris"><div class="catcher__content"><span class="catcher__title catcher__title--hide">Lire aussi :</span><span class="catcher__desc"> <a class="js-article-read-also catcher--favoris__link" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2023/07/12/metaux-rares-l-agence-internationale-de-l-energie-alerte-sur-les-risques-d-approvisionnement-pour-reussir-la-transition-energetique_6181602_3244.html" data-premium="">Métaux rares : l’Agence internationale de l’énergie alerte sur les risques d’approvisionnement pour réussir la transition énergétique</a> </span></div><div class="catcher__favorite"><div class="meta__icon meta__icon--favorite lmd-dropdown-favorite" data-position="lire aussi" data-url="https://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2023/07/12/metaux-rares-l-agence-internationale-de-l-energie-alerte-sur-les-risques-d-approvisionnement-pour-reussir-la-transition-energetique_6181602_3244.html" data-loaded="loaded"> </div></div></section><section class="catcher catcher--favoris"><div class="catcher__favorite"><div class="meta__icon meta__icon--favorite lmd-dropdown-favorite" data-position="lire aussi" data-url="https://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2023/07/12/metaux-rares-l-agence-internationale-de-l-energie-alerte-sur-les-risques-d-approvisionnement-pour-reussir-la-transition-energetique_6181602_3244.html" data-loaded="loaded"><span class="meta__icon-desc meta__icon-desc--favorites js-favorites-desc" data-article-id="3331575" aria-hidden="true">Ajouter à vos sélections</span><div class="lmd-dropdown__content"><div class="lmd-dropdown__close"> </div><div class="lmd-typo--center lmd-dropdown-favorite__text">Pour ajouter l’article à vos sélections <br /><span class="lmd-typo--medium">identifiez-vous</span></div><a class="lmd-btn lmd-btn--primary lmd-btn--l lmd-btn--fullwidth lmd-link-nostyle js-btn-signup" href="https://secure.lemonde.fr/sfuser/register?article=3331575">S’inscrire gratuitement</a><div class="lmd-typo--center lmd-dropdown-favorite__text-login">Vous possédez déjà un compte ?<br /><a class="lmd-link js-link-login" href="https://secure.lemonde.fr/sfuser/connexion?article=3331575">Se connecter</a></div></div><div class="lmd-dropdown__overlay"> </div></div></div></section><p class="article__paragraph ">L’extraction des terres rares est connue pour son impact délétère sur l’environnement. Des montagnes de roche doivent être fracturées pour en tirer des quantités infimes de minerais. Dans le cas d’Ampasindava, les calculs promettent 8 kg de terres rares dans 10 tonnes de roches argileuses. Le procédé de lixiviation le plus souvent utilisé par les industriels est aussi à hauts risques car il consomme d’importantes quantités de solutions chimiques comme le sulfate d’ammonium pour isoler les métaux recherchés dans la roche concassée. La contamination des nappes phréatiques est le principal danger.</p><section class="inread inread--NL js-services-inread"><div class="inread__headline">Service partenaire</div><div class="inread__title">Cours d’anglais en ligne avec Gymglish</div><div class="inread__desc">Apprenez l’anglais en 10 minutes par jour avec des leçons ludiques et personnalisées</div><div class="inread__cta">Découvrir</div></section><p class="article__paragraph ">Enfin, la présence des terres rares va généralement de pair avec celle de thorium et d’uranium radioactifs. Les études réalisées par la société allemande Tantalus, la première à qui la concession avait été attribuée, avaient longtemps conduit à écarter ce sujet. <em>« Les concentrations de thorium et d’uranium sont faibles, ce qui réduit le risque de problèmes environnementaux futurs connus pour entraver le développement économique de ce genre de projet »</em>, affirmait l’entreprise en 2011.</p><h2 class="article__sub-title">Des niveaux de radioactivité naturelle élevés</h2><p class="article__paragraph ">Un article publié en octobre 2021 dans la revue <em>American Journal of Innovative Research and Applied Science</em> a balayé ce constat. A partir de 49 échantillons prélevés en 2019, Olivier Rafidimanantsoa (de l’université d’Antananarivo) qui a dirigé ce travail, a relevé des niveaux de radioactivité naturelle <em>« supérieurs aux valeurs moyennes mondiales »</em> pour l’uranium, le thorium et le potassium. Cela pourrait <em>« engendrer des risques assez importants pour la population locale de la zone d’étude. La sensibilisation à l’effet de radioactivité naturelle doit être prioritaire ainsi que la mise en place du système de radioprotection du public et du travailleur »</em>, conclut-il.</p><p class="article__paragraph ">La concession minière englobe une quinzaine de villages. Antsirabe, avec ses maisons en dur et ses antennes Canal+ sur les toits, est l’un des plus prospères d’entre eux. A l’entrée de la presqu’île et à une heure de route de la RN6 qui conduit à Ambanja, les négociants viennent y acheter de la vanille bio.</p><figure class="article__media"><img decoding="async" class="lazy loaded" src="data:;base64,<svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 664 443'></svg> » sizes= »(min-width: 1024px) 556px, 100vw » srcset= » https://img.lemde.fr/2023/07/11/0/0/4032/2688/556/0/75/0/067aef9_1689083695411-img-6805-2.JPG 556w, https://img.lemde.fr/2023/07/11/0/0/4032/2688/600/0/75/0/067aef9_1689083695411-img-6805-2.JPG 600w, https://img.lemde.fr/2023/07/11/0/0/4032/2688/664/0/75/0/067aef9_1689083695411-img-6805-2.JPG 664w, https://img.lemde.fr/2023/07/11/0/0/4032/2688/700/0/75/0/067aef9_1689083695411-img-6805-2.JPG 700w, https://img.lemde.fr/2023/07/11/0/0/4032/2688/800/0/75/0/067aef9_1689083695411-img-6805-2.JPG 800w » alt= »Dans le bureau de Raphaël Moralahy, maire d’Antsirabe, l’un des villages concernés par le projet d’exploitation des terres rares de la presqu’île d’Ampasindava, au nord-ouest de Madagascar, en juin 2023. » width= »664&Prime; height= »443&Prime; data-srcset= » https://img.lemde.fr/2023/07/11/0/0/4032/2688/556/0/75/0/067aef9_1689083695411-img-6805-2.JPG 556w, https://img.lemde.fr/2023/07/11/0/0/4032/2688/600/0/75/0/067aef9_1689083695411-img-6805-2.JPG 600w, https://img.lemde.fr/2023/07/11/0/0/4032/2688/664/0/75/0/067aef9_1689083695411-img-6805-2.JPG 664w, https://img.lemde.fr/2023/07/11/0/0/4032/2688/700/0/75/0/067aef9_1689083695411-img-6805-2.JPG 700w, https://img.lemde.fr/2023/07/11/0/0/4032/2688/800/0/75/0/067aef9_1689083695411-img-6805-2.JPG 800w » data-sizes= »(min-width: 1024px) 556px, 100vw » data-was-processed= »true » /><noscript> <img decoding="async" src="https://img.lemde.fr/2023/07/11/0/0/4032/2688/664/0/75/0/067aef9_1689083695411-img-6805-2.JPG" alt="Dans le bureau de Raphaël Moralahy, maire d’Antsirabe, l’un des villages concernés par le projet d’exploitation des terres rares de la presqu’île d’Ampasindava, au nord-ouest de Madagascar, en juin 2023."> </noscript><figcaption class="article__legend" aria-hidden="true">Dans le bureau de Raphaël Moralahy, maire d’Antsirabe, l’un des villages concernés par le projet d’exploitation des terres rares de la presqu’île d’Ampasindava, au nord-ouest de Madagascar, en juin 2023. <span class="article__credit" aria-hidden="true">LAURENCE CARAMEL</span></figcaption></figure><p class="article__paragraph "><em>« En tant que maire, je ne peux pas m’opposer à ce projet, </em>commente, prudemment, Raphaël Moralahy,<em> mais notre village s’est développé grâce à l’agriculture et à la vanille en particulier. La concession minière chevauche les plantations de plus d’un millier de paysans. Les compagnies n’ont jamais tenu leurs promesses ni pour la réhabilitation de l’école, ni pour soutenir de nouvelles activités. Maintenant, nous avons peur des conséquences que pourrait avoir la contamination chimique des rivières. »</em></p><div id="inread-2" class="dfp-slot dfp__slot dfp__inread" data-format="inread" aria-hidden="true" data-google-query-id="CN3B9rvziIEDFYZYpAQdP6UM8w"><div id="google_ads_iframe_/128139881/LM_lemonde/afrique/afrique/article/inread_1__container__"> </div></div><p class="article__paragraph ">Sur son bureau, entre des tampons et le drapeau de Madagascar, la photo d’un paysage attire le regard, avec sa phrase en guise de légende empruntée à l’écrivain chinois, Nobel de littérature en 2000, Gao Xingjian : <em>« L’homme pille la nature, mais la nature finit toujours par se venger. »</em></p><h2 class="article__sub-title">« Nouvelle terre de sacrifice »</h2><p class="article__paragraph ">La nature garde encore ses droits à Ampasindava grâce à l’aire protégée créée en 2015. <em>« Nous avions plaidé pour que la réserve couvre toute la presqu’île mais nous n’avons pas eu gain de cause »</em>, se souvient Jeannie Raharimampionona, du Missouri Botanical Garden, qui a contribué au projet en inventoriant la faune et la flore. <em>« Ampasindava possède des écosystèmes et un climat uniques. C’est une zone frontière d’hybridation entre le nord et le sud de l’île où subsistent des reliques de forêts quasi primaires et des espèces qu’on ne trouve nulle part ailleurs »</em>, explique la botaniste. Cette avancée de terre sur la mer, bordée de mangroves, demeure le refuge de plusieurs espèces de lémuriens dont le petit <em>Lepilemur mittermeieri, </em>baptisé ainsi en l’honneur du primatologue américain Russell Mittermeier, à l’origine de l’ouvrage de référence sur les<em> Lémuriens de Madagascar </em>paru en 1994.</p><p class="article__paragraph ">Bien sûr, la perspective de la mine inquiète. <em>« Les villageois ne pourront pas rester près de la mine et ils migreront vers la zone protégée ce qui augmentera la pression sur un équilibre déjà fragile »</em>, redoute Joël Narivony, de l’ONG Famelona, chargée de la gestion du site. Quelque 15 000 personnes vivent déjà au sein de l’aire protégée. A deux heures de vedette rapide d’Ampasindava, sur l’île de Nosi Be, militants écologistes et scientifiques sont aussi sur le qui-vive. <em>« Les populations dépendent de la mer pour se nourrir et les courants remontent d’Ampasindava jusqu’à Nosi Be. Que feront-elles quand la pollution aura tout saccagé ? », </em>s’interroge Gisèle Bakary<em>.</em></p><section class="catcher catcher--favoris"><div class="catcher__content"><span class="catcher__title catcher__title--hide">Lire aussi :</span><span class="catcher__desc"> <a class="js-article-read-also catcher--favoris__link" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/06/16/tout-le-monde-ne-pourra-pas-s-adapter-a-madagascar-le-changement-climatique-ebranle-les-paysans-des-hautes-terres_6177969_3212.html" data-premium="">« Tout le monde ne pourra pas s’adapter » : à Madagascar, le changement climatique ébranle les paysans des Hautes Terres</a> </span></div><div class="catcher__favorite"><div class="meta__icon meta__icon--favorite lmd-dropdown-favorite" data-position="lire aussi" data-url="https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/06/16/tout-le-monde-ne-pourra-pas-s-adapter-a-madagascar-le-changement-climatique-ebranle-les-paysans-des-hautes-terres_6177969_3212.html" data-loaded="loaded"> </div></div></section><section class="catcher catcher--favoris"><div class="catcher__favorite"><div class="meta__icon meta__icon--favorite lmd-dropdown-favorite" data-position="lire aussi" data-url="https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/06/16/tout-le-monde-ne-pourra-pas-s-adapter-a-madagascar-le-changement-climatique-ebranle-les-paysans-des-hautes-terres_6177969_3212.html" data-loaded="loaded"><span class="meta__icon-desc meta__icon-desc--favorites js-favorites-desc" data-article-id="3326527" aria-hidden="true">Ajouter à vos sélections</span><div class="lmd-dropdown__content"><div class="lmd-dropdown__close"> </div><div class="lmd-typo--center lmd-dropdown-favorite__text">Pour ajouter l’article à vos sélections <br /><span class="lmd-typo--medium">identifiez-vous</span></div><a class="lmd-btn lmd-btn--primary lmd-btn--l lmd-btn--fullwidth lmd-link-nostyle js-btn-signup" href="https://secure.lemonde.fr/sfuser/register?article=3326527">S’inscrire gratuitement</a><div class="lmd-typo--center lmd-dropdown-favorite__text-login">Vous possédez déjà un compte ?<br /><a class="lmd-link js-link-login" href="https://secure.lemonde.fr/sfuser/connexion?article=3326527">Se connecter</a></div></div><div class="lmd-dropdown__overlay"> </div></div></div></section><p class="article__paragraph "><em>« La région qui part d’ici jusqu’à la baie de Diego Suarez est l’une des zones les plus riches au monde pour la biodiversité marine. Les baleines viennent s’y reproduire et on y trouve encore quelques dugongs. A-t-on envie de les sacrifier ? »,</em> poursuit cette biologiste retraitée du Centre national de recherches océanographiques. Les opérateurs touristiques de l’archipel ont aussi pris position : <em>« Madagascar ne peut pas faire la promotion d’un tourisme durable en prétendant protéger l’environnement et ouvrir au même endroit la voie à l’exploitation des terres rares »</em>, proteste Joël Soatra, le porte-parole d’une centaine d’entreprises du secteur.</p><div id="inread-3" class="dfp-slot dfp__slot dfp__inread" data-format="inread" aria-hidden="true" data-google-query-id="CL3in7vziIEDFSWwTAodd2sGNw"><div id="google_ads_iframe_/128139881/LM_lemonde/afrique/afrique/article/inread_2__container__"> </div></div><p class="article__paragraph ">Contacté par <em>Le Monde</em>, Allan Mulligan se veut rassurant : <em>« Ampasindava fait partie de la nouvelle génération de projets extractifs à très faible impact. Il laissera une empreinte environnementale minimale pendant les opérations et un impact résiduel nul, tout en produisant des “minéraux verts”</em> vitaux pour le secteur des énergies renouvelables, précise-t-il dans le courrier qu’il nous a adressés. <em>Les minerais se trouvent à quelques mètres seulement de la surface ce qui permettra de ne traiter que des volumes de roches limités. Nous ne réaliserons pas de lixiviation in situ et les minerais ne contiennent pas de matières radioactives. Les déchets seront lavés et réintroduits dans la zone d’extraction qui sera recouverte de terre végétale préalablement stockée. »</em></p><section class="catcher catcher--favoris"><div class="catcher__content"><span class="catcher__title catcher__title--hide">Lire aussi :</span><span class="catcher__desc"> <span class="icon__premium"><span class="sr-only">Article réservé à nos abonnés</span></span> <a class="js-article-read-also catcher--favoris__link" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2023/07/23/en-argentine-le-lithium-au-c-ur-des-tensions-avec-les-communautes-autochtones_6183076_3244.html" data-premium="1">En Argentine, le lithium au cœur des tensions avec les communautés autochtones</a> </span></div><div class="catcher__favorite"><div class="meta__icon meta__icon--favorite lmd-dropdown-favorite" data-position="lire aussi" data-url="https://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2023/07/23/en-argentine-le-lithium-au-c-ur-des-tensions-avec-les-communautes-autochtones_6183076_3244.html" data-loaded="loaded"> </div></div></section><section class="catcher catcher--favoris"><div class="catcher__favorite"><div class="meta__icon meta__icon--favorite lmd-dropdown-favorite" data-position="lire aussi" data-url="https://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2023/07/23/en-argentine-le-lithium-au-c-ur-des-tensions-avec-les-communautes-autochtones_6183076_3244.html" data-loaded="loaded"><span class="meta__icon-desc meta__icon-desc--favorites js-favorites-desc" data-article-id="3332559" aria-hidden="true">Ajouter à vos sélections</span><div class="lmd-dropdown__content"><div class="lmd-dropdown__close"> </div><div class="lmd-typo--center lmd-dropdown-favorite__text">Pour ajouter l’article à vos sélections <br /><span class="lmd-typo--medium">identifiez-vous</span></div><a class="lmd-btn lmd-btn--primary lmd-btn--l lmd-btn--fullwidth lmd-link-nostyle js-btn-signup" href="https://secure.lemonde.fr/sfuser/register?article=3332559">S’inscrire gratuitement</a><div class="lmd-typo--center lmd-dropdown-favorite__text-login">Vous possédez déjà un compte ?<br /><a class="lmd-link js-link-login" href="https://secure.lemonde.fr/sfuser/connexion?article=3332559">Se connecter</a></div></div><div class="lmd-dropdown__overlay"> </div></div></div></section><p class="article__paragraph ">Pas sûr que cela suffise à apaiser ceux qui redoutent que l’exploitation des terres rares d’Ampasindava ne conduise à un vaste désastre environnemental et humain et voient dans cette prédation des ressources par des sociétés occidentales la répétition d’une longue histoire, cette fois-ci sous couvert de transition verte. Reprenant la thèse de la géographe américaine Julie Klinger sur les <em>« frontières des terres rares »</em>, la sociologue Zo Randriamaro n’hésite pas à parler d’Ampasindava comme une <em>« nouvelle zone de sacrifice »</em> dans laquelle la destruction des vies et des paysages locaux sera le prix à payer pour permettre aux pays riches de s’adapter au changement climatique.</p><p class="article__paragraph ">En mai, au terme de longues tergiversations, le gouvernement a annoncé la levée du moratoire introduit en 2011 sur l’octroi de licences d’exploitation et publié un nouveau code minier qui prévoit notamment le relèvement des redevances payées par les compagnies de 2 % à 5 % sur la valeur des ressources exportées. Avec pour ambition affichée de placer Madagascar dans la compétition mondiale pour l’accès aux minerais critiques dont l’île est abondamment dotée. Harena Ressources pourra y voir un signe encourageant avant de devoir affronter une opposition locale qui, quinze ans après l’arrivée des premiers investisseurs étrangers, reste toujours mobilisée.</p><section class="author"><p class="article__author-container"><span class="author__detail"><a class="article__author-link" href="/signataires/laurence-caramel/"> <span class="author__name">Laurence Caramel</span><span class="author__desc">(Ampasindava et Nosi Be, nord-ouest de Madagascar, envoyée spéciale)</span></a></span></p></section><p id="js-authors-trigger" class="meta meta__publisher meta__publisher--header"><span id="js-authors-list" class="meta__author meta__author--header"> Par <a class="article__author-link" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/signataires/laurence-caramel/">Laurence Caramel</a><span class="author__desc author__desc--header">(Ampasindava et Nosi Be, nord-ouest de Madagascar, envoyée spéciale)</span> </span></p><section class="meta__date-reading"><span class="meta__date meta__date--header">Publié le 16 août 2023 à 13h00, modifié le 16 août 2023 à 13h44</span><p class="meta__reading-time meta__reading-time--header"><span class="sr-only">Temps de </span>Lecture 8 min.</p><a class="meta__article-en-fr-url js-lang-switcher" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/en/le-monde-africa/article/2023/08/19/madagascar-s-thwarted-rush-for-rare-earths_6099084_124.html" hreflang="en"> </a></section>					</div>
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		<p>The post <a href="https://craadoimada.com/a-madagascar-des-paysans-se-dressent-contre-lexploitation-des-terres-rares/">A Madagascar, des paysans se dressent contre l’exploitation des terres rares</a> appeared first on <a href="https://craadoimada.com">CRAAD-OI</a>.</p>
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		<title>African Feminist Post-COVID-19 Economic Recovery Statement</title>
		<link>https://craadoimada.com/african-feminist-post-covid-19-economic-recovery-statement-2/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[CRAAD-OI]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 24 May 2023 20:13:19 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[On en parle]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://craadoimada.com/?p=24413</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Dear Dr Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, Dr. Donald Kaberuka, Mr. Tidjane Thiam, Mr. Trevor Manuel and Mr. Benkhalfa Abderrahmane, We write this letter to you in...</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://craadoimada.com/african-feminist-post-covid-19-economic-recovery-statement-2/">African Feminist Post-COVID-19 Economic Recovery Statement</a> appeared first on <a href="https://craadoimada.com">CRAAD-OI</a>.</p>
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				<p>Dear Dr Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, Dr. Donald Kaberuka, Mr. Tidjane Thiam, Mr. Trevor Manuel and Mr. Benkhalfa Abderrahmane,</p><p>We write this letter to you in your capacities as the Special Envoys that the African Union has mandated to mobilize international support to address the coronavirus pandemic in Africa. We are a constellation of African feminists who are steeped in pan-African visions for a liberated Africa. These visions enable us to dare to believe that there are ample solutions and resources to the many pandemics that our continent faces. We are part of various communities, formations, sectors and disciplines including law, feminist organizing, fund mobilization, economics, land and agrarian rights, health, cultural production, development studies, food sovereignty, tax justice, ecological work inter alia.</p><p>We need solutions and COVID-19  has  provided us with an opportunity to re-imagine African political  economies.  This moment requires a pan-African response that creates an enabling environment for people and movement led economic work, including but not limited to cooperative and solidarity economics, to be given the support and space to flourish. COVID-19 needs to be a turn-around point from orthodox laissez-faire models and overly financialized states. This crisis is an opportunity to dislodge structural inequality and re-frame the political economy which contributed to this tipping point. We have been actively working on, producing data and building ground up movements since structural adjustment. Most of us – like yourself – lived through Structural Adjustment Programs and the hollowed states that remained. The financial crisis of 2008 was an acute rupture of globalization and a reminder that unfettered markets cannot be the primary arbiter of wealth and economic distribution. Our states in all their imperfection are the tangible entities where we reside, produce, consume and eventually will be laid to rest.</p><p>The  credit crisis  was enormous and pervasive, and it altered our world in ways we are still realizing. Sadly though, any crisis can seem banal and even invisible. People adapt and come to accept the changes wrought by crisis. This cannot be the case here. The resilience of market logic has taken hold and flattened markets to the extent that economic orthodoxy and neo-liberal forms of production are viewed not just as coincidences of  globalization but rather the natural order of our universe. COVID-19 has flattened that universe and we have the chance to reframe state capacities and the draconian measures that they often use to enforce social order in a fragile time.</p><p>Initiatives like the African Charter for Popular Participation for Development, the UN New Agenda for Development of Africa vision 2020, the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) have not yielded substantive dividends. If the sum total of all these previous initiatives has brought us to this moment, we need to rethink our options. We need a deeper re-orientation of African development which goes beyond COVID-19.</p><p>As Africa now moves towards raising increased financial support in response to the impacts of the pandemic, the weaknesses of dominant policy templates and development financing models must no longer compromise the autonomy of African states to effectively deliver the mandate of Africa’s people. African “growth” over the last twenty years has been accompanied by pervasive unemployment, whilst wealth and inequality gaps are now at their highest levels. Decades of reduced public spending has left millions without access to basic services such as healthcare, whilst the movement towards privatising those services and resources (including water and energy) further compromises equitable access as a result of basic services being commodified and subject to market rules and shareholder needs. Meanwhile, the tunnel visioned policy focus on industrial and export-orientated agriculture has failed to deliver food security for Africa. Additionally, the lack of investment in localised food systems that center food sovereignty has had detrimental impacts on African biodiversity and climate resilience.</p><p>The gender dimensions of prevailing policy models are still not fully acknowledged or considered, including how those models deepen women’s economic inequality by exploiting their labour inside and outside the home; invisible, poorly paid, unpaid, and insecure. As COVID-19 continues to move across the continent, the absence of social safety nets needed by women due to their greater fiscal precarity in the face of economic shocks has exposed the failures of a development trajectory currently prioritizing productivity for growth over the wellbeing of African people. Indeed COVID-19 has made evident what feminists have long emphasized: that the profits made in economies and markets are subsidized by women’s unpaid care and domestic work–an essential service that even the current pandemic has failed to acknowledge and address in policy.</p><p>We have history on our shoulders which requires us to reflect strongly and honestly about the repercussions of continuing on this dogmatic debt track. We are soliciting funds while Africa has a net capital outflow of money. What posterity does this offer future generations? We are concerned about the forms and sources of finance and the accompanying  conditionalities. In past generations these have increased our burden of unpaid work on African women. We have  the feminist hope and expectations that your plans for this continent are in alignment with a progressive, forward looking vision. COVID-19 has shown us where our  structural weaknesses are and history has shown us that old ways are not working.</p><p>We call on you to ensure that you create an open, inclusive and transparent process to shape how you undertake the work and interpret what your efforts at mobilizing support produces. This process needs to move beyond just including ‘expert economists’ to also include groups which have been thus far marginalized by the current economic model. In light of this, we would like to begin a conversation with you. We want to hear your thoughts and vision for African countries, African economies, resource mobilization and African peoples beyond COVID-19. We would like an audience with you to discuss this further, including through a webinar. There are more crises coming our way and we want to support co-creative futures thinking. Below is a set of recommendations we want to put forward as the first step in our engagement.</p><h3><strong><u>Recommendations</u></strong></h3><p>Acknowledge that all African constitutions guarantee the fundamental right to equality – and that this needs to underpin the vision and direction of any policy including economic and social policy around COVID-19 response and recovery. This necessarily means policy interventions and budgetary allocations that seek to reinforce rights for those most marginalized by current policies and thus more heavily affected by COVID-19 impacts including women broadly but also intersecting axes of structural marginalization including economic status/class, disability, HIV status, sexual orientation and gender identity.</p><p>Localized food supply chains should be bolstered with monetary and resource support going directly to support small-holder farmers across Africa, the guardians of biodiversity, Indigenous seed, and land. Ministries of Agriculture across the continent should collaborate with the economic, climate, and food sovereignty movements across Africa to divest from industrialized agriculture and to support the implementation of agroecology, including the right of farmers to to save and share seed, in communal, national, regional and pan-African spaces. Additionally, the colonial legacy of  resource extraction from Africa through export facing trade practices needs to be upended. In terms of food the insistence on monocropping for the export market has decreased the diversity of crops necessary for a balanced and nutritional diet in our own communities and has displaced Africans from their lands by giving millions of hectares of land to private enterprises by incentivizing the implementation of corporate-backed initiatives. This is despite the fact that it is small-holder and subsistence farmers across Africa who feed the majority of people in Africa and not corporations.</p><p>The outbreak of COVID-19 has demonstrated the clear link between health and environment. Thus, maintaining the integrity of Africa’s ecosystem while enabling communities to derive livelihoods and benefit from natural resources should be part of any economic recovery plan. Rather than focus on market based interventions to conservation, African governments need to prioritize conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity for the benefit of communities who are custodians of the resources and whose livelihoods are directly dependent on natural resources.</p><p>The role of the State has been consistently hollowed out since the introduction of structural adjustment programmes and requires reinvigoration, through the direct participation of African peoples charting the way, to be the guarantor of rights, and arbiter of socio-economic distribution and equitable access to social infrastructure. This necessitates the decommodification of, and institution of, basic universal access to land, water, food, healthcare, education, housing, sanitation, electricity and information technologies.  Public-Private Partnerships have dangerously obscured the role of states and created undemocratic hierarchies of access resulting from user fees. Access to energy, education, transport and healthcare for example facilitate the social reproduction and survival of unemployed, working class and agrarian households in the absence of adequate state provisioning.</p><p>According to the ILO, <a href="https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_626831.pdf">“informal employment is the main source of employment in Africa, accounting for 85.8 per cent of all employment” with “almost all of the agricultural sector in Africa [being] informal [at] 97.9 per cent”</a>. The informal economy, or rather the popular  or horizon economy, is the engine of African markets. States must use this opportunity to re-orientate economic models and protections to recognise that African economies are predicated on this invisibilized work. This economy is treated as ‘adjacent’ or  ‘informal’ primarily because it is largely driven by the labour of women. Measures like GDP and GNP are ineffective measures of the enterprise that occurs in this sector. Accordingly, all workers must be guaranteed a dignified wage, safety protections in their work space, and paid sick leave.</p><p>No turnaround in Africa’s socio-economic fortunes will happen without recognizing the economic, social, political and cultural value of the care economy–where the provisioning of care goods and services to households and the economy is predominantly through women’s invisibilized, unpaid and domestic labour, but also in many forms of popular/horizon sector, migrant and public sector jobs that are precarious, badly paid and without labour protections. Governments have increased the burden on women by  increasing reproductive care and domestic work, because they have consistently withdrawn from their internationally recognized human rights obligations to promote social rights and equity. The time is well overdue for policies that recognize the centrality of care work for health systems and the economy, meaning governments must roll out various support measures for a resilient care sector that does not rely on the exploitation of women in the home and in the workplace.</p><p>It is vital to reinforce prioritization of government budgetary investment in social protections including quality and accessible social services for all populations. This is a decisive moment and opportunity for African states to not only rebuild their administrative and resource capacity to deliver social services, but also recover their standing in the eyes of African people.</p><p>It is necessary to consider responses that do not just seek to address direct impacts of COVID-19 but build the broader strength of health and social protection systems horizontally, acknowledging that this is fundamentally political, and about designing and sustaining systems for the wellbeing of the majority. There have been several epidemics and pandemics affecting the African continent and COVID-19 won’t be the last. In fact, the lack of health and research infrastructure for others, like HIV/AIDS and malaria, have become worryingly normalized. Furthermore, it needs to be stated clearly that outsourcing this work to philanthrocapitalists is a failed strategy and perpetuates a narrative that the African state is incapable of providing for African peoples. It further privileges white male philanthrocapitalists, vesting a few western voices with far more volume than entire African nations. They do not have an interest in systemic solutions because to achieve those solutions would require dislodging them from the centers of power they are invested in fortifying.</p><p>Patent protections and other intellectual property laws have further consolidated a commodified approach to health care in Africa. In recent memory is the fight for African peoples to be able to access ARVs, a fight that took millions of lives because the profit margins of corporations were put ahead of saving the lives of African peoples. We cannot afford to keep repeating the same mistakes perpetually. Knowledge cannot be a commodity, all vaccines and medicines related to COVID-19 and beyond must be universally accessible for all  people, as should the related knowledge.</p><p>Beyond the request for debt moratoriums in response to COVID-19, debt cancellation should be a priority. Conditionalities surrounding financial assistance to the continent must also be rejected by African governments. Conditionalities will impact on the ability of states to deploy socially responsive policies such as those recommended above, and in particular terms that push for increased privatization of key services (including further deregulations of private sector engagement), should be thoroughly critiqued and fought against by a united African front.</p><p>Increased Foreign Direct Investment should be solicited without the promise of tax breaks that effectively act as loopholes;  multi / transnational companies making profits on African soil need to pay their dues for the needs of African people first, before their shareholders. Only by pursuing and enforcing a progressive tax policy that targets transnational corporations in particular will the African tax deficit be addressed.  This will be critical for African revenue raising if economic recovery from COVID-19 beyond the short and medium term is to be realized, and our external debt reliance is to be decreased.</p><p>One of the impulses of neo-liberal economics is to treat African peoples as collateral in economic processes and negotiations. The needs of African communities and the sustainable use of natural resources (ever more important in this rapidly deepening climate crises) continue to be subordinated to make way for development plans that prioritize short term gain at the expense of the earth and African peoples well-being in the short, medium, and longer term. Because  African communities are the custodians of the land and environment, those same  communities must be able to veto any finance or development projects being proposed. Indeed all Africans should be informed and provide prior consent to any consultation or large scale policy process.</p><p> </p><p>Sincerely,</p><ol><li>Lebohang Liepollo Pheko, Senior Research Fellow at Trade Collective, Afrikan Feminist, South Africa/Lesotho</li></ol><ol start="2"><li>Fatimah Ya-Fanah Kelleher, Women’s economic justice technical and strategic adviser (independent) / Writer, Nigeria / UK</li><li>Luam Kidane, Eritrea/Pan-African</li><li>Hakima Abbas</li><li>Lyn Ossome</li><li>Nancy Kachingwe, Gender and Public Policy Advisor, Independent, Malawi/Zimbabwe</li><li>Masego Madzwamuse, Chief Executive Officer-Southern Africa Trust</li><li>Âurea Mouzinho, Economist and Feminist Activist, Angola</li><li>Felogene Anumo</li><li>Mwanahamisi Singano</li><li>Sibongile Ndashe, Executive Director-Initiative for Strategic Litigation in Africa, South Africa</li><li>Wangari Kinoti, Feminist activist and policy advisor, Kenya</li><li>Olabukunola Williams</li><li>Coumba Toure, Coordinatrice-Africans Rising, Senegal</li><li>Dzodzi Tsikata, University of Ghana, Ghana</li><li>Amina Mama, Feminist Africa journal, Nigeria</li><li>Crystal Simeoni, Pan African Feminist Economic Justice Activist, Nairobi, Kenya</li><li>Memory Zonde Kachambwa, Executive Director, African Women’s Development and Communication Network- FEMNET- Pan-African</li><li>Leopoldina Fekayamãle, Ondjango Feminista, Angola</li><li>Isabel Gavião, Ondjango Feminista, Angola</li><li>Sizaltina Cutaia, Ondjango Feminista, Angola</li><li>Rosimira Quitombe</li><li>Cecília Kitombe, OF, Angola</li><li>Laurinda, Ondjango Feminista, Angola</li><li>Fikile Vilakazi, Young Women with Vision of South Africa, South Africa</li><li>Wunpini Mohammed, Penn State, United States</li><li>Nada Ali, Sudan/USA/UK</li><li>Esther Ajayi-Lowo , PhD Candidate, Texas Woman’s University, Nigeria</li><li>Lilian Lem Atanga, Proffesor at University of Bamenda, Cameroon, Cameroon</li><li>Beatrice Ndefon, Administrator, Cameroon</li><li>Ousseina Alidou, Dept. African, Middle Eastern and South Asian Languages and Literatures, Niger and USA</li><li>Esther Omam, Reach Out, Cameroon</li><li>Sharon Omotoso, Women’s Research and Documentation Center(WORDOC), Institute of African Studies, University of Ibadan, Nigeria</li><li>Hope Chigudu, Hopeafrica, Zimbabwe</li><li>Samuel Orovwuje, Humanitarian Care for Displaced Persons, Nigeria</li><li>Zuleika Sheik, Erasmus University Rotterdam, South Africa and the Netherlands</li><li>Philile Ntuli, Miss, South Africa</li><li>Sybil Nandi Msezane, Black Tower Foundation, South Africa</li><li>Xeenarh Mohammed, The Initiative for Equal Rights, Nigeria</li><li>Leonora Breedt, Ezabangoma healers, South Africa</li><li>Bunmi Dipo-Salami, Executive Director, Nigeria</li><li>Anne Adidu-Lawal, Baobab for Women’s Human Rights, Nigeria</li><li>Jill Bradbury, South Africa</li><li>Njoki Njehu, Daughters of Mumbi Global Resource Center, Kenya</li><li>Kirsten Pearson, Budget Justice Coalition, South Africa</li><li>Lindiwe Mkhize, South Africa</li><li>Catherine Gatundu, ActionAid International, Kenya</li><li>Iheoma Obibi, Alliances for Africa, Nigeria</li><li>Korto Williams, Liberia Feminist Forum, Liberia/Kenya</li><li>Charlotte Malonda, Women Lawyers Association Malawi, Malawi</li><li>Xana McCauley, Rev, South Africa</li><li>Saydoon Nisa Sayed, South Africa</li><li>Laura Pereira, Senior lecturer/ Centre for Complex Systems in Transition, South Africa</li><li>Vanessa MAVILA, Fondation Eboko, France and Congo</li><li>Jessica Oluoch, KELIN Kenya, Kenya</li><li>Unathi Ndiki, The Totalshutdown movement, South Africa</li><li>Patricia Blankson Akakpo, Network for Women’s Rights in Ghana (NETRIGHT), Ghana</li><li>Deborah, Senior Research Fellow/Insitute of African Studies-University of Ghana, Ghana</li><li>Maybe Zengenene, Graduate Student, Airlangga University, Indonesia, Zimbabwe</li><li>Nadia Ahidjo, Program Coordinator, Open Society Initiative for West Africa, Cameroon/Senegal</li><li>AdeolaAwogbemi , ED, First Future Leadership, Nigeria</li><li>Taiwo Adetunji, Strong Enough Girls’ Empowerment Initiative, Nigeria</li><li>Ngozi NwosuJuba, Vision Spring Initiatives, Nigeria</li><li>Dee Smythe, Centre for Law &amp; Society UCT, South Africa</li><li>Chenai Chair, African feminist, South Africa/Zimbabwe</li><li>Abosede George, Barnard College, United States</li><li>Peruth Nabirye, Director Child Youth Health Initiative, Uganda</li><li>Nuru Kondo, Hospital, Tanzania</li><li>Adjaratou Fatou Ndiaye</li><li>Joanna Forster, ACDHRS, Gambia</li><li>Teresa Mugadza, Zimbabwe</li><li>Zabib Musa Loro, Founder and Director/ Islamic Development and Relief Agency, South Sudan</li></ol><ol start="73"><li>Lakshmi N. Moore, Liberia Feminist Forum, Liberia</li><li>Fikile Pato, Miss, South Africa</li><li>AGUEH Gloria, Chairperson / Réseau des Femmes Leaders pour le Développement, Benin</li><li>Rachel Kagoiya, FEMNET, Kenya</li><li>Leopoldina Fekayamãle, Ondjango Feminista, Angola</li><li>Tilder Kumichii, CEO, Gender Empowerment and Development – GeED, Caneroon</li><li>Emma Mogak, Akili Dada, Program Lead – Feminist Movement Building and Advocacy, Kenya</li><li>Cynthia Ny, Cameroon</li><li>Adanma Otuonye, Sparks Consults, Nigeria</li><li>Michelle Hakata, Zimbabwe</li><li>Zoneziwoh Mbondgulo-Wondieh, Women for a Change, Cameroon, Cameroon</li><li>Angelina Canguenha, Ondjango Feminista, Angola</li><li>Navonine Agnes Kuoh N., CEO/Founder Agui Foundation, Cameroun</li><li>Shailja Patel, Research Associate, Five College Women’s Studies Research Center, Kenya, USA</li><li>Zainab Abdullahi, Daraja reube mbororo development association, Cameroon</li><li>Fatime Faye, Société civile, Forum Féministe Sénégalais, Sénégal</li><li>Rethabile Mosese</li><li>Monica Ndunge, Do It With Boldness Foundation/Volunteer, Kenya</li><li>Facia B. Harris, Member/ Liberia Feminist Forum, Liberia</li><li>Antonia Musunga, Fight inequality Alliance, Kenya</li><li>Marieme Kane, Senegal</li><li>Aisha Kamara, ActionAid, Liberia</li><li>Sokari Ekine, Republic of Spirit Desire, Nigeria, UK, USA</li><li>Isatu Ville Cheeks , Liberia Feminist Forum, Liberia</li><li>Isatu Ville Cheeks , Liberia Feminist Forum, Liberia</li><li>Nkaleu Lydienne, Comité d’Assistance à la Femme Nécessiteuses du Cameroun (CAFENEC), Cameroun</li><li>Caroline Bowah, Liberia Feminist Forum, Liberia</li><li>Pauline Kenmogne Matchim, Association Femmes Et Enfants, membre de la plateforme  de BEIJING+25 CAR, Cameroun</li></ol><ol start="101"><li>Gradiah Walker Bou Hussein, Liberia</li><li>Gloria Yancy, Liberia Feminist Forumlol, Liberia</li><li>Fatoumata Adelle Barry, Medical Doctor / Writer / LivresNiger, Niger</li><li>Naadira Munshi, PSI, South Africa</li><li>Chue Goah Roberts, Program officer, Actionaid Luberia, Liberia</li><li>Abyan Mama-Farah, UCSD School of Medicine, United States</li><li>Clemence Leonie Yanke, Fondation Nyb Shalom, Cameroon</li><li>Rossanna Carvo, Angola</li><li>Tuduetso Mooketsi, Botswana</li><li>Naomi Tulay-Solanke \, Executive Director/ Community Healthcare Initiative, Liberia</li><li>Endouh Anna Yerimah, Building Together Consulting, Cameroon</li><li>Linda Kunje</li><li>Njenu Veronica, CEO of women as Agents of Transformation (WAAT), Cameroon</li><li>Minna Salami, MsAfropolitan, United Kingdom</li><li>Pumla Dineo Gqola, Proffesor, Nelson Mandela University, South Africa</li><li>Simamkele Dlakavu, University of Cape Town , South Africa</li><li>Janepher Taaka, Frelance, Uganda</li><li>Balkissa Daouda Diallo, PhD Student, Niger</li><li>Corinne Knowles, Rhodes University, South Africa</li><li>Mamadi, Director of postgraduate studies. University of Fort Hare, South Africa</li><li>Aisha Ahmed, Covid19: Feminist Space, Nigeria</li><li>Saida Ali, Kenya</li><li>Mpumi Mathabela, Coordinator – One in Nine Campaign, South Africa</li><li>Tracy Jean-Pierre, Enza, South Africa</li><li>Sophie Otiende, Kenya</li><li>Patricia Servant, Founder / Congo Love , United States of America</li><li>Cynthia Akueya Nchaw, Mbonweh Woman Development Association (MWDA), Cameroon</li></ol><ol start="128"><li>Gabriel Hoosain Khan, Office for Inclusivity and Change at the University of Cape Town, South Africa</li><li>Sheila Ramirez</li><li>Thando Gumede, Chief Executive Officer, South Africa</li><li>Mariama Sonko, Nous Sommes la Solution, Sénégal</li><li>Tunu Ramtu, Kenya</li><li>Linda Magano Baumann, National CSO, Namibia</li><li>Anneeth Kaur Hundle, Assistant Professor of Anthropology, University of California Irvine, USA/Uganda</li><li>Everjoice Jeketa Win, Zimbabwe</li><li>Kavira Linda, Action de protection Mère et Enfant “APME”, République Démocratique du Congo</li><li>Julia Matimolane, South Africa</li><li>Akosua Adomako Ampofo, Universty of Ghana, Ghana</li><li>Cebile Dlamini, Secretary General for Swaziland Rural Women’s Assembly, Swaziland</li><li>Shirley Walters, Professor Emerita, University of the Western Cape, South Africa</li><li>Irene, Namibia</li><li>Mufuliat Fijabi, Nigerian Women Trust Fund, Nigeria</li><li>Eniyan Development Initiative For Gender Justice, Eniyan Development Initiative, Nigeria</li><li>Astrid von Kotze, Proffesor, UWC, South Africa</li><li>Ruth Mattison, Training for Transformation, South Africa</li><li>Gertrude Dzifa Torvikey, Feminist Africa, Ghana</li><li>Mariam Kirollos</li><li>Rike Sitas, African Centre for Cities, South Africa</li><li>herschelle milford, South Africa</li><li>جوهرة مدكور</li><li>Pontso Mafethe, Lead Consultant, HoBWE</li><li>Keamogetswe Seipato, South Africa</li><li>Annette Wangongu, Feminist Litigation Network Manager/Initiative for Strategic Litigation in Africa, Kenya</li><li>Ronel Stevens, South Africa</li><li>Kamy Lara, Ondjango Feminista, Angola</li><li>Stacey Sutton, Professor, University of Illinois at Chicago, United States</li><li>Okeke Ngozi J., WIPGG Nigeria, Nigeria</li><li>Fatou Sow, African Feminist Forum, Sénégal</li><li>Solome Lemma</li><li>Mariam Dia, Cofulef, Convergence Des Femmes Universitaires Versitaires Pour Le Leadership Feminin, Senegal</li><li>Pamela Nwakanma, PhD Candidate, Harvard University, United States/Nigeria</li><li>Debaye Mornan, Colombia</li><li>Yannia Sofía Garzón Valencia, Asociación de Economistas Negras, Colombia</li><li>Duru Blessing, ALLIANCES FOR AFRICA, NFF, Nigeria</li><li>Colette Solomon, Women on Farms Project, South Africa</li><li>Mahlet H. Seifu, Development practitioner , Ethiopia</li><li>Nkoli Aniekwu, University of Benin, Nigeria</li><li>Amie Joof Cole, FAMEDEV- Inter Africa Network for Women, Media, Gender and Development</li><li>Purity Kagwiria, Kenya</li><li>Rama Salla Dienf, Senegal</li><li>Nokwanda Maseko, South Africa</li><li>Fatma Oussedik, Université d’Alger 2, Algérie</li><li>Rose Ndengue, Université de Rouen, Cameroun</li><li>Rokhaya Daba FALL, CEO, Sénégal</li><li>Roseli Finscue Chavaco, Consejo Regional Indigena Del Cauca Programa Mujeres, Colombia</li><li>Cynthia Ny, Cameroon</li><li>African Women’s Development Fund (AWDF), Africa Regional</li><li>Maria Paula Meneses, Doctor, Moçambique</li><li>Ophelia Kemigisha, Uganda</li><li>BVDA, Rwanda</li><li>Colleen Lowe Morna, Gender Links, South Africa</li><li>Evernice Munando, Female Students Network Trust (FSNT), Zimbabwe</li><li>Elizabeth Kayanga , Integrated Disabled Women Activities, Uganda</li><li>Mrs Theresa Ukeme, Ini Creative Centre For Development, Nigeria</li><li>Phelister Abdalla , National Coordinator – Kenya sex workers Alliance (KESWA), Kenya</li><li>Hannah Kigamba, Secretary of Board of Trustee/Director Diabetes Awareness Trust, Kenya</li><li>Annet Lekuru, Feminature Uganda, Uganda</li><li>Marie-Pierre Mbaye, Senegal</li><li>Lesley Ann Foster, Masimanyane Women’s Rights International, South Africa</li><li>Juliet Kushaba, ArtVism, Uganda</li><li>Massan dAlmeida, XOESE, Le Fonds pour les Femmes Francophones, Togo</li><li>Joyce Nangobi , Executive Director, Uganda</li><li>Naomi Tulay Solanke, Community Healthcare Initiative, Liberia</li><li>Mawulawoe Anato-Dumelo , Executive Director, Network of Women In Growth, Ghana</li><li>Musu Bakoto Sawo, National Coordinator, Think Young Women, The Gambia</li><li>Ruth Kihiu, Pastoral Women’s Council (PWC), Tanzania</li><li>Rachael Muhindo, Twase women development trust, Uganda</li><li>Nasilele Limbali, Executive Director – Ndola Nutrition Org. Women’s League, Zambia</li><li>Esther Harawa, Gender and Protection Coordinator, Malawi</li><li>Naana Abena Afadi, Program Manager, Women and Youth Forum for SustainableDevelopment, Ghana</li><li>Diana Mary Agabi, ABANTU FOR DEVELOPMENT, Nigeria</li><li>Fatima Suleiman, Executive Director, lslamic Counseling Initiatives or Nigeria(ICIN) Nigeria</li><li>Mageda Esolyo, Communications and campaign officer, Women Global Network for Reproductive Rights, Kenya</li><li>Evodius Gervas, Tanzania</li><li>Edah Gondwe Chimya, Executive Director/ Zambia Alliance of Women, Zambia</li><li>Edith Ssali, Executive Director Women Leadership Development – WLEDE, Uganda</li><li>Sybil Nmezi, Generation Initiative for Women and Youth Network (Giwyn), Nigeria</li><li>Cécile Thiombiano, Présidente, Burkina Faso</li><li>Milka Wahu, Amka Africa Justice Initiative, Kenya</li><li>Tina Thiart, 1000 Women Trust/WomensNet, South Africa</li><li>Stigmata Tenga, Executive Director, Africa Philanthropy Network (APN), Tanzania</li><li>Elizabeth Ddungu, Nnabagereka Development organisation, Uganda</li><li>Régine T Zombra, Présidente de l’Association Catholique pour le Développement Socio-économique (ACDS), Burkina Faso</li><li>Hala Al Karib, SIHA, Sudan</li><li>Hansatu Adegbite, Executive Director, WIMBIZ, Nigeria</li><li>Sofia Cassimo, FEMME-National Federation Business Women, Mozambique</li><li>Sylvie BAHATI KABEYA, Réseau Associatif pour la Psychologie Intégrale, RAPI Asbl, République Démocratique du Congo</li><li>Emang Basadi Association, Botswana</li><li>Charity Afio Nketiah, Iseguri Initiative, Ghana</li><li>Ida Mokereitane, Botswana</li><li>Larissa Kojoué, Researcher in political science, Cameroon</li><li>Tracy Jean-Pierre, Enza , South Africa</li><li>Advocate Tarisai Mchuchu-MacMillan, MOSAIC Training Services and Healing Centre for Women, South Africa</li><li>Doreen Mwobobia, Team Lead- Education and Socio-Economic Empowerment Initiative, Kenya</li><li>Edna Tembo, Executive Director. Coalition of Women Living with HIV and AIDS (COWLHA), Malawi</li><li>Sikhathele Matambo, Emthonjeni Women’s Forum, Zimbabwe</li><li>Marie-Pierre Sarr, Présidente d’honneur association sénégalaise des femmes diplômées des universités, Sénégal</li><li>Florence Awir, Chairperson/Human Rights Activist-Club Humanitarian Outreach Ministries (CBO), Uganda</li><li>Huguette RUSABIKA, Directrice Exécutive de l’organisation Focus Droits et Accès République Démocratique du Congo</li><li>Everlyne Khaemba, Pambazuko La Wanawake Magharibi, Kenya</li><li>Amina Salihu, Habiba Dangana Foundation – Team Lead, Nigeria</li><li>Farida Myburgh, Masimanyane Women’s Rights International, South Africa</li><li>Alexandra Asamoah, Ghana</li><li>Aziza Khalidi, Executive Director/Collective for Research and Training on Development Action – CRTDA, Lebanon</li><li>Marilyn Aitken, Women’s Leadership and Training Programme, South Africa</li><li>Bashiratu Kamal, General Agricultural Workers Union of TUC-Gh, Ghana</li><li>Haruna Yoda, Executive Director/Centre for Community Livelihood Development (CCLD), Ghana</li><li>Aumo Christine, Executive Director Of Isore Women Initiative For Sustainable Devt, Uganda</li><li>Kikiope Oluwarore, Head of Programs/Education as a Vaccine ((EVA), Nigeria</li><li>Michael Dagadu</li><li>Zeinabou Hadari</li><li>Lillian Mworeko, Executive Director, International Community Of Women Living With HIV Eastern Africa (ICWEA), Uganda</li><li>Inocência Mata, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal</li><li>Cherifa Kheddar, Présidente de l’association Djazairouna des familles victimes du terrorisme islamiste Algérie</li><li>Mackins Pajibo, Program Officer/ Women Solidarity Incorporated, Liberia</li><li>Nina Hendricks, The Grail, South Africa</li><li>Wairimu Wahome, Executive Director, Coalition on Violence Against Women-COVAW, Kenya</li><li>Nnaceesay Marenah, Moonflower Montessori/CEO, Gambia</li><li>Women’s Coalition of Zimbabwe, Womens Coalition of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe</li><li>Ummi Bukar, PAGED Initiative, Nigeria</li><li>Sarah Adeyinka, Nigeria/Belgium</li><li>gertrude fester, Aboriginal/Xarra Restorative Justice Forum, South Africa</li><li>Nadiatu Ali Dawud , Civil Society and Institutional Foundation /Acting Director, Ghana</li><li>Isabel Shawel, USA</li><li>Margaret Adhiambo, Pendeza Weaving Project, Kenya</li><li>Angela Gwaro, Programs Officer; Gender Violence Recovery Centre, Kenya</li><li>Prisca Tanui, Women Empowerment Group (WEG), Kenya</li><li>Shereen Usdin, Soul City Institute for Social Justice, South Africa</li><li>Carine Bahanag, Cameroun</li><li>Gorette NAKUNDI, Action De Solidarite Des Femmes Pour Le Developpement En Milieu Rural, ASOFED-MR asbl, République Démocratique du Congo</li><li>Donald Deya, Pan African Lawyers Union, Tanzania</li><li>Louise Nyota, Réseau Femme et Développement (REFED.NK) secrétaire Exécutive, RDCongo</li><li>Godelive Lugambo, Coordinatrice, Union Pour La Promotion Des Femmes, UPF asbl, République Démocratique du Congo</li><li>Viviene Taylor, Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era (DAWN), South Africa</li><li>Cynthia Eyakuze, Tanzania</li><li>Kiza Endani Rosette, Coordinatrice, SOS Secours A La Femme En Detresse, SOS SFD asbl, République Démocratique du Congo</li><li>Claire Mathonsi</li><li>Lana Razafimanantsoa, Madagascar</li><li>Beyonce Karungi, Executive Director; Transgender Equality Uganda (TEU), Uganda</li><li>Glanis Changachirere, Institute for Young Women Development, Zimbabwe</li><li>Nancy Akanbombire, African Women’s Development Fund, Ghana</li><li>Comfort Arms of Needy Children, Rights Organization, Malawi</li><li>Zenabou SEGDA, Women Environmental Programme Burkina, Burkina Faso</li><li>Prime Nkezumukama, Non Profit Organisation, Burundi</li><li>Titilope Akosa, Centre for 21st century Issues, Nigeria</li><li>Giscard MUKUCHA, YOUNG MEN ENGAGE FOR EQUALITY 2030, RDC</li><li>Judith MUKEINA, Solidarite Des Jeunes Filles Pour L’education Et L’integration Socioprofessionnelle, SOJFEP, RDC</li><li>Jeanne MUKUCHA, SOS Femmes Indigenes De Concessions Minieres (SOS FICOM), RDC</li><li>Alice FATUMA, Univers Des Filles, RDC</li><li>Rosebell Kagumire, Editor, African Feminism, Uganda</li><li>Fatimata SAVADOGO, Presidente/Groupement Feminin Pag-La-Naam, Burkina Faso</li><li>Ruth Mulenga , Coordinator /Twampane womens club, Zambia</li><li>Ntirampeba Espérance, sfbsp, Burundi</li><li>Nizigiyimana Francine, TDJ, Burundi</li><li>Patience Kemigisha, Communications Officer/Institute for Social Transformation, Uganda</li><li>Justine Riziki Marceline, PACOPA (Partenaires Contre La Pauvrete), RD CONGO</li><li>Samukeliso Khumalo, Executive Director, Zimbabwe</li><li>Yobana Millán Bustos, Red nacional de mujeres Afrocolombianas Kambirí, Colombianos</li><li>Ntomboxolo Makhutshi, Mothertongue Project Programme Manager, South Africa</li><li>Mercia Andrews, Southern Africa Rural Women’s Assembly, South Africa</li><li>Ndeye Marie Diedhiou Thiam, Plateforme des femmes pour la paix en Casamance, Sénégal</li><li>Alice Akoth Omondi, Director – Bethzatha HIV/AIDS Community Center, Kenya</li><li>ATEBA medjo Carine Michelle, Mengbwa actions jeunes, Cameroun</li><li>Cécile Thiombiano, Organisation pour de Nouvelles Initiatives en Developpement et Santé, Burkina Faso</li><li>Isatu Dumbuya, Center for Differently Abled Women (CDAW), Sierra Leone</li><li>Rokhaya Sy Gaye, Association Tournesol, Sénégal</li><li>Yenziwe Masuku</li><li>Perez Abeka, YWCAA – Co-Founder &amp; Advisor, Kenya</li><li>Elizabeth N Ddungu, Nnabagereka Development Foundation, Uganda</li><li>Lindiwe Malindi, South Africa</li><li>Sara Bissrat Mersha, Director of Grantmaking and Advocacy, Grassroots International, US</li><li>Rose Mensah-Kutin, Abantu For Development, Ghana</li><li>Teopista Nakkungu, Chief Coordinator IWCA Uganda Chapter, Uganda</li><li>Aida Ndiaye, International consultant/Agrieconomist, Senegal</li><li>Peggy Otieno, Ag CEO- Young Women Campaign Against Aids, Kenya</li><li>Susan Atayo, Program Manager-Hesawa Foundation(HEFO), Uganda</li><li>Atia Apusigah , Netright Ghana , Ghana</li><li>Inviolata Mmbwavi, Executive Director- International Community of Women Living with HIV – Kenya Chapter ( ICWK), Kenya</li><li>الاستاذة/ وداد الصوراني</li><li>Siatta Scott Johnson, President Female Journalists Association of Liberia, Liberia</li><li>Eunice Mwende, Young Women Campaign against AIDS (YWCAA), Kenya</li><li>Volahery Andriamanantenasoa, CRAAD-OI, Madagascar</li><li>Robert Akeche, Young Women Campaign Against AIDS (AIDS), Kenya</li><li>Sherine Okong’o, Young Women Campaign Against AIDS (YWCAA), Kenya</li><li>Pemphero Chingamtolo, National Coordinator, Malawi</li><li>Emmaculate Mutheu, Young Women Campaign Against AIDS (YWCAA), Kenya</li><li>Pamela Elizabeth, Young Women Campaign Against AIDS (YWCAA), Kenya</li><li>Sarah Nalyanya, Grail international movement of Women, Kenya</li><li>Kafui ADJAMAGBO-JOHNSON, WiLDAF-AO, Togo</li><li>Pauline Makwaka, Senior Women Citizens for Change, Kenya</li><li>Dorothy Otieno, FEMNET, Kenya</li><li>Panashe Chigumadzi, Author, South Africa</li><li>Ndèye Gnilane FAYE, Présidente Association Actions pour le Développement du Sénégal (AADS), Sénégal</li><li>Christie Banda, Foundation for Civic Education and Social Empowerment, Malawi</li><li>Nicole Maloba, Program Officer- Economic Justice- FEMNET, Kenya</li><li>Toluwanimi Jaiyebo, Nigeria</li><li>Fatou Diouf, ENSEIGNANTE-CHERCHEURE/COFULEF</li><li>Josephine A. Brenda , Programme Coordinator Kared Fod Women Development Programme (KAWODEP), Kenya</li><li>Katherine Asuncion, Project Manager for Donor Engagement/ Grassroots International, United States</li><li>Marcela Riascos Arrechea , PCN – Proceso de comunidades negras , Colombia</li><li>Mina Remy, Grassroots International, United States</li><li>Sophie Efange, Policy Manager – Gender and Development Network, United Kingdom, Ethiopia, Cameroon</li><li>Vera Addo, Fellow, Moremi initiative for Women’s Leadership in Africa, Ghana</li><li>Mariama Jalloh, Executive Director//Polio Women &amp; Girls Development Organisation//Ministry of Social Welfare Gender &amp; Childrens Affairs, Sierra Leone Union on Disability, National Commission for Persons with Disability and Women Groups, Sierra Leone</li><li>Priscilla Usiobaifo, Executive Director, BraveHeart Initiative, Nigeria</li><li>Benitha  Uwamahoro, Women’s Health and Equal Rights Association Rwanda – WHERAR, Rwanda</li><li>Althea Anderson, US</li><li>Florence Akullo , Youth and Women for Opportunities Uganda, Uganda</li><li>Wangechi L Wachira</li><li>Rudo Chigudu, Feminist Action Campaign, Zimbabwe</li></ol><p><a href="https://femnet.org/2020/07/african-feminist-post-covid-19-economic-recovery-statement/?fbclid=IwAR1yTEkZMUbersylP_tnN9NZMM0vM2Xw8lXaBAtHxh7ZSARsveMRAqnyEGY">https://femnet.org/2020/07/african-feminist-post-covid-19-economic-recovery-statement/?fbclid=IwAR1yTEkZMUbersylP_tnN9NZMM0vM2Xw8lXaBAtHxh7ZSARsveMRAqnyEGY</a></p>					</div>
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		<p>The post <a href="https://craadoimada.com/african-feminist-post-covid-19-economic-recovery-statement-2/">African Feminist Post-COVID-19 Economic Recovery Statement</a> appeared first on <a href="https://craadoimada.com">CRAAD-OI</a>.</p>
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		<title>The Faces of Ecofeminism: Women Promoting Gender Equality and Climate Justice Worldwide</title>
		<link>https://craadoimada.com/the-faces-of-ecofeminism-women-promoting-gender-equality-and-climate-justice-worldwide/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[CRAAD-OI]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 24 May 2023 19:52:45 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[On en parle]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://craadoimada.com/?p=24394</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Women climate activists who identify as ecofeminists are demanding the recognition of women’s climate justice work around the world to help protect the planet...</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://craadoimada.com/the-faces-of-ecofeminism-women-promoting-gender-equality-and-climate-justice-worldwide/">The Faces of Ecofeminism: Women Promoting Gender Equality and Climate Justice Worldwide</a> appeared first on <a href="https://craadoimada.com">CRAAD-OI</a>.</p>
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				<p>Women climate activists who identify as ecofeminists are demanding the recognition of women’s climate justice work around the world to help protect the planet and advance gender equality.</p><p>French writer Françoise d’Eaubonne coined the term ecofeminism in 1974. In her book Feminism or Death, D’Eaubonne argued that with the planet in women’s hands, everyone will thrive.</p><p>Ecofeminism suggests that the patriarchy is the driving source behind the degradation of the planet and exploitation of women — issues that are inextricably linked and cannot be resolved without dismantling oppressive masculine power systems.</p><p>The ecofeminist ideology and movement also highlights the reality that women are the most impacted by environmental issues. Studies show that women are more likely than men to be impacted by climate change and 80% of people displaced by climate change are women.</p><p>Although embraced by artists and activists for decades, ecofeminism hasn’t been without criticism and pushback throughout the years, with some rejecting the movement’s centering on white feminism and a lack of inclusivity.</p><p>Now there’s a renewed effort to reclaim the term and affirm the role of women of color in leading the charge as the threat of climate change intensifies.</p><p>A new class of activists is carrying the ecofeminist torch passed down from pioneers of the movement, such as Vandana Shiva, an Indian scholar and advocate for responsible agriculture, who volunteered with India’s Chipko movement to protect forests from deforestation in Uttarakhand in 1973.</p><p>Indigenous women and women of color have traditionally maintained the land due to proximity and gendered expectations that hold them responsible for feeding their families and procuring essential resources like water. Across Latin America, Indigenous women are at the forefront of initiatives to protect the Amazon, and in cities, young women are taking a stand against pollution.</p><p>Dominique Palmer, 22, didn’t have to travel far to see the impact of climate change on her community. Palmer started organizing UK Student Climate Network strikes and actions in 2019 after discovering how air pollution disproportionately impacted South and East London. The intersection between environmental issues, gender, and race became immediately clear for the writer and student.</p><p>Twenty-two year old climate activist and ecofeminist Dominique Palmer smiles while speaking into a microphone, holding her phone.</p>					</div>
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				<p><span class="filer_image_wrapper "><span class="filer_image_wrapper__inner"><span class="filer_image_info"><span class="title">Dominique Palmer.</span><br /><span class="author">Image: Courtesy of Dominique Palmer</span></span></span></span></p><p>Palmer lived in the South London neighborhood where 9-year-old Ella Kissi-Debrah became the first person with air pollution listed as a cause of <a href="https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/air-pollution-schoolgirl-death-london-uk-ruling/">death</a> in the UK in 2013. A 2016 <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/oct/10/londons-black-communities-disproportionately-exposed-to-air-pollution-study" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="London study (open in new tab)">London study</a> showed that Black, African, and Caribbean communities are disproportionately exposed to toxic air conditions and represent 15.4% of those in the city exposed to illegal and severely high levels of nitrogen oxide, but only represent 13.3% of the city’s population. </p><p>The native woodlands in the UK are reaching a crisis point, with only 7% in good condition, and are another concern for Palmer. The woodlands in her country face many threats including destruction by development, pests and diseases, and pollution.</p><p>Palmer applies an ecofeminist lens to her work as an organizer for the global climate justice youth movement Fridays for Future International, a coordinator at the global youth-led concerts Climate Live, and a member of the UN Women Feminist Coalition for Climate Justice. She told Global Citizen she views ecofeminism as “both political activism and an intellectual critique, which brings together feminism and environmentalists to explore the connection of oppression of women and the patriarchy, and climate breakdown.” </p><p>Women are not necessarily intrinsically guardians of the earth, but gender inequality has forced them to bear the brunt of the climate crisis by dealing with extreme weather events and food scarcity head-on, more so than men as a result of resource allocation, labor divisions, and representation and power in decision-making spaces, she added.</p><p>“Ecofeminism addresses the extractive male-dominated system in which profits are prioritized over safeguarding the planet,” Palmer said. “It advocates for caring for our natural world, connecting with it, and building a relationship with nature. This is an essential approach to saving our woodlands, and biodiversity across the world.”</p><p>Palmer wants to see communities of color more represented in decision-making spaces. </p><p>Despite women and non-binary people accounting for much of the work to fight climate change, the United Nations <a href="https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/cop26-deforestation-pledge-climate-action/">Climate Conference COP26</a> in Glasgow in November 2021 — where leaders of countries across the globe gathered to pledge to ensure the implementation of the 2015 <a href="https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Paris agreement (open in new tab)">Paris agreement</a> and greatly reduce emissions and achieve net-zero by 2050 — was male-dominated and did not offer an accurate representation of the space, Palmer noted. </p><p>Men shouldn’t be excluded from ecofeminism, however, according to Lake Chad-based climate justice activist and eco-reporter Adenike Titilope Oladosu, 27.</p><p>“When we talk about ecofeminism, it is not something that the male folks should be afraid of,” Oladosu told Global Citizen. “Ecofeminism is gender-neutral; it is for both males and females.”</p><p> </p><p>Oladosu felt joining the climate justice movement wasn’t optional. While studying agricultural economics during her undergraduate education, she started to understand the impact of the climate crisis specifically in regard to food security.</p><p>“I see it as a responsibility, and I think everyone should also see it as a responsibility, that we protect the planet that houses us to carry the weight and not to depreciate or further exploit,” she said.</p><p>“Everyone is welcome in the movement to see that we have a world that protects the rights of women and girls, to try to see how we can all develop without any form of violence.”</p><p>Oladosu believes climate justice also plays an integral role in ending harmful practices that contribute to gender inequality. When the extremist militant group <a href="https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/un-condemns-boko-haram-killings-nigeria/">Boko Haram</a> abducted 276 schoolgirls from the town of Chibok in Borno State, Nigeria, in 2014, she attributed increased gender-based violence to the depletion of natural resources in the area. </p><p>There are more than <a href="https://data.unicef.org/resources/child-marriage-in-the-sahel-brochure/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="20 million child brides (open in new tab)">20 million child brides</a> in Africa’s Sahel region, where 80% of farmland is degraded, Oladosu pointed out. Families give up their daughters or pull them out of school to survive the financial impacts of the climate crisis. Access to land could help eradicate child brides or reduce gender-based violence, according to Oladosu.</p><p>Fatoumata Kiné Niang Mbodji, the communication and advocacy officer at Lumière Synergie pour le Développement, an NGO in Senegal, and a member of the WoMin African Alliance of activists, has witnessed the impact of the climate crisis on women in agriculture specifically. </p><p>Women work the land, produce food, and have learned to use plants as medicine, Mbodji, 27, told Global Citizen. But Senegal, a coastal country, is seeing thousands of residential areas destroyed by coastal erosion. Livestock and fisheries, the main agricultural development sectors in the country held down by women, are taking a hit, she said.</p><p>The disproportionate impact of the climate crisis on women is not a new phenomenon.</p><p>“An order has been established to the detriment of women,” Mbodji said. “History has been a witness to the numerous struggles led by women, including women of color, to free themselves. The gendered realities that control the situation of women of color around the world make this positioning strategic. Not because they have more legitimacy than their sisters in the rest of the world, but because history has shown that they have had to fight doubly for their conditions as women as well as being women of color.”</p><p>Ecofeminism offers a framework to promote the empowerment of women, she explained.</p><p>“I consider ecofeminism not as a movement that comes and goes, but as an ideology that must be adopted to give back the rights to women and to allow them to stand up openly for nature and their survival,” she said.</p><p>“Any person who fights for the protection of the environment by seamlessly integrating the instrumental role of women can be qualified as an ecofeminist.”</p><p>Many of the women at the forefront of the ecofeminism movement don’t identify as ecofeminists themselves — and that’s something Madagascar-based human rights activist Volahery Andriamanantenasoa, 47, wants to change.</p>					</div>
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				<p>Andriamanantenasoa has been involved in the defense of the rights of communities affected by large-scale mining and agribusiness projects. To her, ecofeminism means “the end of domination in all its aspects,” specifically gender and social equality and equity and a rational and responsible interaction with nature. </p><p>In Madagascar, women are the most affected by the impacts of the climate crisis, experiencing the shocks of strong yearly cyclones and floods that decimate their homes, crops, and lives. </p><p>“For them, it is a question of survival,” Andriamanantenasoa said. “They don&rsquo;t usually ‘name’ that this is an ecofeminist struggle. And I would like them to become fully aware of this and to clearly link their struggle to the fight for gender equality and social justice, to the fight against patriarchy and the extractivist and capitalist systems, and to be able to assert this position more strongly in order to be able to influence national and global policies.”</p><p>Jhannel Tomlinson — co-founder of the feminist climate activist movement GirlsCARE Jamaica and a PhD candidate at the University of West Indies, Mona — works in community-based adaptation to climate change. Tomlinson echoes the sentiment of the need for more recognition of ecofeminists. At climate conferences, she has noticed a lack of representation of Caribbean activists.</p><p><span class="filer_image_wrapper "><span class="filer_image_wrapper__inner"><img decoding="async" class="filer_image lazy-loaded" title="Jhannel Tomlinson." src="https://media.globalcitizen.org/thumbnails/bc/bc/bcbc1161-ccff-4a1c-ba23-af40e97ec0c1/jhannel-tomlinson2jpeg__8280x8300_q85_crop_subsampling-2_upscale.jpg__828.0x830.0_q85_crop_subject_location-414%2C416_subsampling-2_upscale.jpg" alt="Jhannel Tomlinson smiles while holding a sparkly circle representing the United Nations' Global Goals." data-src="https://media.globalcitizen.org/thumbnails/bc/bc/bcbc1161-ccff-4a1c-ba23-af40e97ec0c1/jhannel-tomlinson2jpeg__8280x8300_q85_crop_subsampling-2_upscale.jpg__828.0x830.0_q85_crop_subject_location-414%2C416_subsampling-2_upscale.jpg" /></span></span></p>					</div>
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				<p><span class="filer_image_wrapper "><span class="filer_image_wrapper__inner"><span class="filer_image_info"><span class="title">Jhannel Tomlinson.</span><br /><span class="author">Image: Courtesy of Jhannel Tomlinson</span></span></span></span></p><p>Tomlinson is actively trying to engage and educate girls across the Caribbean who want to take climate action, but don’t know how to get involved. There is a growing need to mitigate the negative effects of the climate crisis on the region such as drought that impacts the agriculture sector and access to drinking water, and heavy rainfall that destroys crops and livelihoods, she said.</p><p>“Even if it wasn&rsquo;t called ecofeminism, just that relationship that women have had with the environment, with being protectors of the environment — I think that has always been the case, especially in Indigenous and communities of color,” Tomlinson said.</p><p>Female farmers who cultivate coffee in Jamaica’s Blue Mountain region are a prime example of this.</p><p>“They are pickers, they grow, they reap. They do everything within the space. But I also recognize that for many of them, they don&rsquo;t even see it as contributing to the preservation of resources,” she said. “Many ecofeminists don&rsquo;t even identify as ecofeminist because they just see it as doing their responsibilities or duties, or they&rsquo;re doing something that they would have seen their mothers and grandmothers before them do.”</p><p>Part of Tomlinson’s work is to advocate for the inclusion and recognition of women in areas where they require or deserve more attention. At the local, community, and household levels, women are leading but do not regularly receive appreciation for their contributions.</p><p>Recognition for women’s efforts could promote continued work and a sense of ownership, Tomlinson explained.</p><p>“I have a responsibility to make sure that other women who are doing the work and making sure that things are being maintained and [are] kept in order, receive attention for the work that they&rsquo;re doing,” she said.</p><p>Giving credit where credit is due is necessary to propel the climate justice movement, Tomlinson said.</p><p>“Where individuals can be recognized for their efforts, it only promotes more positive behavior that only promotes increased collaboration.”</p><p><a href="https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/ecofeminist-issues-activists-examples/?fbclid=IwAR2k-ZnFu6TzsLZYMP9vbkyAsecE8bG1G67B0LuqKbGHVzxG2T6Hdb9dsoE">https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/ecofeminist-issues-activists-examples/?fbclid=IwAR2k-ZnFu6TzsLZYMP9vbkyAsecE8bG1G67B0LuqKbGHVzxG2T6Hdb9dsoE</a></p><p> </p>					</div>
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		<p>The post <a href="https://craadoimada.com/the-faces-of-ecofeminism-women-promoting-gender-equality-and-climate-justice-worldwide/">The Faces of Ecofeminism: Women Promoting Gender Equality and Climate Justice Worldwide</a> appeared first on <a href="https://craadoimada.com">CRAAD-OI</a>.</p>
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		<title>Calling for a rights-based response to environmental degradation in Madagascar</title>
		<link>https://craadoimada.com/calling-for-a-rights-based-response-to-environmental-degradation-in-madagascar-2/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[CRAAD-OI]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 24 May 2023 19:20:07 +0000</pubDate>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://craadoimada.com/?p=24384</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Madagascar is one of the countries that contributes the least to climate crisis yet is the fourth most affected by it according to the...</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://craadoimada.com/calling-for-a-rights-based-response-to-environmental-degradation-in-madagascar-2/">Calling for a rights-based response to environmental degradation in Madagascar</a> appeared first on <a href="https://craadoimada.com">CRAAD-OI</a>.</p>
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				<div class="rw-article__content"><div class="rw-report__content"><p>Madagascar is one of the countries that contributes the least to climate crisis yet is the fourth most affected by it according to the 2020 Global Climate Risk Index. The country is also a biodiversity hotspot.</p><p>Since its inception in 2012, the Antananarivo-based Research and Support Centre for Development Alternatives &#8211; Indian Ocean (CRAAD-OI), has been working to promote sustainable development alternatives centred on promoting and protecting the human rights of the populations most vulnerable to climate change, rare earth mining and agro-industrial projects in Madagascar.</p><p>“Madagascar has a very valuable and sensitive ecosystem, but it is seriously compromised by climate change. With carbon dioxide emissions of almost 0.1 tonnes per capita, it is one of the countries that contributes the least to the climate crisis said Volahery Andriamanantenasoa, Programme Manager for CRAAD-OI, Now, more than 1,800 endemic species are threatened with extinction, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature&rsquo;s 2020 Red List of Threatened Species, including 80 per cent of the country&rsquo;s endemic plant and animal species.”</p><p>Ahead of the UN Climate Change Conference (COP 26), in September 2021, UN Human Rights partnered with CRAAD-OI to organize the first Public Forum on Climate Justice and Human Rights in Madagascar. The forum was attended by over 100 representatives of local communities from across the country affected by climate change, as well as women and youth organizations and the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development.</p><p>Andriamanantenasoa pointed out that most environmental civil society organizations in her country focused on individual responsibility however, a budding national youth movement has started shifting the discourse to climate justice. Madagascar has been hit by a series of natural disasters, drought and famine in the south that has forced populations to migrate to the north to find farmland for their survival.</p><p>“Unfortunately, the generalized degradation of the country&rsquo;s natural environment is coupled with Madagascar&rsquo;s development policies that tend to perpetuate the extractivist system inherited from colonial times and post-independence regimes,” Andriamanantenasoa said.</p><p>“These policies are particularly focused on the promotion of the extractive and agro-industrial sectors, as well as on the development of the blue economy and the establishment of special economic zones dedicated to foreign investors. As a result, these development strategies are characterised by their large ecological footprint and land encroachment, which lead to a recurrent land grabbing issue.”</p><p>The forum organized by UN Human Rights and CRAAD-IO ended with the adoption of the Antananarivo Declaration for Climate Justice, which was developed by the youth of Madagascar’s social movement for climate justice to alert national authorities on economic, social and cultural rights issues linked to climate change. They also hope the Declaration will support their advocacy towards the Government to promote and integrate environment education in schools; set up a “Green Climate Fund” and ensure youth access to the fund; amend the Malagasy penal code to introduce environmental offenses; operationalize a Green Court; and ratify the optional protocol to International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights.</p><p>At COP21 in Paris in 2015, developed countries were urged to scale up their <a href="https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/climate-finance-roadmap-to-us100-billion.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">support to mobilise USD 100 billion per year by 2020 for climate action in developing countries</a>.</p><p>“At the COP, we are asking that the big countries of the Global North pay their historical, ecological and climate debt to Madagascar. They have made so many commitments and now is the time to compensate for the irreversible loss and damage that their actions have caused,” she said.</p><p>“They need to try to restore, if at all still possible, the damages they have caused and try to implement adaptation and mitigation measures in consultation with local communities,” Andriamanantenasoa added. “So far decisions for carbon compensation have been made at the top but the money has not reached the local communities. We need concrete climate plans with concrete measures that can have a concrete impact on the people.”</p></div><p><a href="https://reliefweb.int/report/madagascar/calling-rights-based-response-environmental-degradation-madagascar?fbclid=IwAR3CbqQijr0H2CzUtmt-iNIInczU5yAOLBcPG_hMhICZN6e84RPGa_sf1sQ">https://reliefweb.int/report/madagascar/calling-rights-based-response-environmental-degradation-madagascar?fbclid=IwAR3CbqQijr0H2CzUtmt-iNIInczU5yAOLBcPG_hMhICZN6e84RPGa_sf1sQ</a></p></div>					</div>
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		<p>The post <a href="https://craadoimada.com/calling-for-a-rights-based-response-to-environmental-degradation-in-madagascar-2/">Calling for a rights-based response to environmental degradation in Madagascar</a> appeared first on <a href="https://craadoimada.com">CRAAD-OI</a>.</p>
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		<title>The frontline communities resisting destructive development agendas in Madagascar</title>
		<link>https://craadoimada.com/the-frontline-communities-resisting-destructive-development-agendas-in-madagascar-3/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[CRAAD-OI]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 24 May 2023 13:22:32 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[On en parle]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://craadoimada.com/?p=24377</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>By: Volahery Andriamanantenasoa &#38; Maggie Mapondera This women-led movement in Madagascar is resisting extractive development projects on the island, in exchange for alternatives that...</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://craadoimada.com/the-frontline-communities-resisting-destructive-development-agendas-in-madagascar-3/">The frontline communities resisting destructive development agendas in Madagascar</a> appeared first on <a href="https://craadoimada.com">CRAAD-OI</a>.</p>
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				<hr width="100%" /><div>By: <a href="https://www.openglobalrights.org/volahery-andriamanantenasoa/">Volahery Andriamanantenasoa</a> &amp; <a href="https://www.openglobalrights.org/maggie-mapondera/">Maggie Mapondera</a></div><p>This women-led movement in Madagascar is resisting extractive development projects on the island, in exchange for alternatives that respect the land and the indigenous Mikea community.</p><p>Madagascar emits 0.1 tons of carbon dioxide per capita, making it one of the lowest producing countries of carbon dioxide in the world.On the contrary, this so-called “big island” is a biodiversity hotspot comprising valuable and sensitive ecosystems that have been seriously compromised by climate change, with more than 1,865 species threatened with extinction, including 80% of vegetal and animal species endemic to the country. According to the Global Climate Risk Index 2020, Madagascar is the fourth most affected country in the world by global warming, adverse weather events, and other climate risks threatening unique animal species and large numbers of poor and vulnerable communities representing 80% of the population.</p><p>Against the backdrop of widespread degradation of the country&rsquo;s natural environment, the Malagasy Government&rsquo;s development and growth agenda continues to focus on the promotion of the extractive and agro-industry sectors, as well as the development of the blue economy and the establishment of Special Economic Zones dedicated to foreign investors. As a result, these development strategies are characterized by their worrying ecological footprint and recurrent land grabbing – all at the expense of communities that are raising their voices to say ‘No’ and demand alternatives to this development model that safeguard their lands, resources, and livelihoods.</p><p>The threat posed by this development model to local communities and ecologies is enormous. In all regions of Madagascar, land grabbing is aggravated by the adoption of laws on Special Economic Zones (SEZs) and Tourist Land Reserves, as well as by biodiversity offset projects implemented by transnational companies like mining giant, Rio Tinto, in collaboration with international NGOs. Transnational companies along with the Malagasy State benefit the most from these projects, all at the expense of affected communities and their territories.</p><p>“The reason why we protect the forest is because when there is a forest, there is water. And when there is water, agriculture goes well, and people do not resort to charcoal,” says activist Retsiva Antanandava. “We are fighting against Base Toliara because we are protecting our territory. We do not accept that they spoil our lands. If we protect the forest, we protect our descendants.”</p>					</div>
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				<p><strong>Transnational companies along with the Malagasy State benefit the most from these projects, all at the expense of affected communities and their territories.</strong></p>					</div>
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				<p>For many years, communities in Madagascar have fought against the Australian-owned, ilmenite mining operation, the Base Toliara Project. The resistance has been spearheaded by a women-led collective, CRAAD-OI and FARM (Femmes en Action Rurale de Madagascar), a federation of rural women’s groups from the affected communities. Both groups oppose the project because it threatens their way of life and the Mikea Forest, which plays a vital role in the daily life of the Mikea people—spiritually, culturally, socially, and economically. Among the poorest people in the world, the Mikea indigenous people have limited access to marketed commodities, medical care, education, and other public services, and almost no voice in regional or national politics.</p>					</div>
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				<p>Despite being met with resounding opposition from the start, the Malagasy government still issued the company a mining license and an environmental permit.</p><p>The government also declared Base Toliara a “public utility” in July 2018. Affected communities then mobilized continuous protests and demonstrations involving thousands of people. Discontent came to a head when a group of forty community members allegedly burned and vandalised the mine’s exploration camp. Nine of those were arrested in May 2019, and charged with arson, destruction of property, and forming a mob. They were only convicted on one charge and released in June with a six-month suspended sentence.</p><p>In November, the Malagasy government suspended all operations and communication activities of the Base Toliara mining project, because of “opposition from local communities and unfavourable terms for the people and government.” However, supporters of the mining project, including local authorities and individuals who enjoy financial and material benefits from Base Toliara, have continued to minimize opposition, while using the promise of jobs, money, and other enticements to foster divisions within the local communities.</p><p>Despite the suspension of all Base Toliara’s activities in 2019, in 2020, Base Toliara flouted the edict, using the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic as a pretext. The company’s promoters claimed moral authority based on the “significant” financial contribution that they made to the government for the fight against the pandemic. But the women from the 12 communes affected by the mining project, supported by the majority of the 200,000 inhabitants, refused to stand down.<br />“If the forest dies, we die, too.” &#8211; a Mikea activist, 2020</p><p>Retsiva is a member of the Mikea people of south-west Madagascar. She, along with women activists in her community, have waged a long war against the ilmenite mine since it was first proposed as early as 2012. The Base Toliara mining project obtained a license from the government of Madagascar on one mining and three exploration properties, covering a total of 40,753 hectares, which enclose the territories of 12 communities. These mining concessions cover several environmentally protected areas, including the Mikea Forest. At least half the forest is home to several endangered animals, including several species of lemur.</p><p>In the southwestern region, where the Base Toliara project is being established, the Mikea indigenous women and the community live almost entirely from hunting and gathering in the Mikea Forest. For these women, the forest is sacred and must be used with moderation and respect for the spirits who live there. Those affected by the large-scale mining operations are subjected to the restrictions on land and forest-use associated with the establishment of the mining and offset projects. The gendered division of labor often means that women are seen as primary food gatherers, water providers, care-givers—roles heavily affected by mining activity. When agricultural land is no longer available, women’s work burden is likely to increase in order to provide for their families and community.</p><p>Base Toliara’s efforts to get the government to lift the suspension have continued over the last few months. In April 2020, the company made donations to the local COVID Operation Centre of Toliara and was praised by its promoters as one of the main contributors to the fight against the pandemic.</p><p>The company has also threatened those who critique its actions. In May 2020, the local TV channel Ma-TV released a documentary on how children have been affected by Base Toliara’s activities and also pointed out that the company was flouting its suspension. Both the journalist and the TV network have been threatened with legal action by Base Toliara for releasing the documentary.</p><p>As Malagasy laws do not yet provide sufficient protection for communities’ rights, such as free, prior informed and continued consent, affected communities have to find ways to make their voices heard. The affected communities in Toliara, led by women activists, continue to voice their opposition to the Base Toliara project and to fight for a permanent ban of the mining company on their lands. “We will not give our lands to them even if they kill us or shoot us,” activists have said. “And we will not run away either because we are defending our territories.”</p><p>Over the last decade, there have been more protests in the country due to the lack of social acceptability towards agri-business and mining projects. Frontline communities are fighting to reclaim sovereignty of their land and natural resources. To claim the right to say ‘No’ to destructive development models, and to say ‘Yes’ to life and the preservation of their ecosystems, biodiversities, and territories. In support of affected communities, CRAAD-OI and FARM continue advocating for the transition to development alternatives that would not be harmful to communities and the whole Malagasy biodiversity and ecosystem, and which would effectively benefit both affected communities and the Malagasy State. The definitive shutdown of the Base Toliara Project and closure of similarly destructive projects is just the first step.</p><p> </p><p>This piece is part of a blog series focusing on the gender dimensions of business andhuman rights. The blog series is in partnership with the Business &amp; Human Rights Resource Centre, the Danish Institute for Human Rights and OpenGlobalRights. The views expressed in the series are those of the authors. For more on the latest news and resources on gender, business, and human rights, visit this portal.</p><p><strong>ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED: February 24, 2021</strong></p>					</div>
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		<p>The post <a href="https://craadoimada.com/the-frontline-communities-resisting-destructive-development-agendas-in-madagascar-3/">The frontline communities resisting destructive development agendas in Madagascar</a> appeared first on <a href="https://craadoimada.com">CRAAD-OI</a>.</p>
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		<title>Madagascar : un appel à l’adoption d’une approche fondée sur les droits pour lutter contre la dégradation de l’environnement</title>
		<link>https://craadoimada.com/madagascar-un-appel-a-ladoption-dune-approche-fondee-sur-les-droits-pour-lutter-contre-la-degradation-de-lenvironnement-3/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[CRAAD-OI]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 24 May 2023 12:55:06 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[<p>Madagascar est l’un des pays contribuant le moins à la crise climatique ; pourtant, il est le quatrième pays le plus affecté par ce fléau,...</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://craadoimada.com/madagascar-un-appel-a-ladoption-dune-approche-fondee-sur-les-droits-pour-lutter-contre-la-degradation-de-lenvironnement-3/">Madagascar : un appel à l’adoption d’une approche fondée sur les droits pour lutter contre la dégradation de l’environnement</a> appeared first on <a href="https://craadoimada.com">CRAAD-OI</a>.</p>
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													<a href="https://www.ohchr.org/fr/stories/2021/11/calling-rights-based-response-environmental-degradation-madagascar?fbclid=IwAR12R3qydXKdchh0APpVeKvUqomvC_yh-3pNl5m55LXS8M40csD_3WnntaQ">
							<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="640" height="461" src="https://craadoimada.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/051-Madagascar.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large" alt="" srcset="https://craadoimada.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/051-Madagascar.jpg 972w, https://craadoimada.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/051-Madagascar-300x216.jpg 300w, https://craadoimada.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/051-Madagascar-150x108.jpg 150w, https://craadoimada.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/051-Madagascar-768x553.jpg 768w, https://craadoimada.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/051-Madagascar-600x432.jpg 600w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" />								</a>
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				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-db35ada elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="db35ada" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
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				<div class="ohchr-layout__column ohchr-layout__column--two"><div class="block block-layout-builder block-field-blocknodefeature-storybody" data-block-plugin-id="field_block:node:feature_story:body"><div class="wysiwyg-content field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Madagascar est l’un des pays contribuant le moins à la crise climatique ; pourtant, il est le quatrième pays le plus affecté par ce fléau, à en croire l’Indice mondial des risques climatiques 2020. Ce pays est également une zone sensible en matière de biodiversité.</p><p>Depuis sa création en 2012, le Centre de recherche et d’appui pour les alternatives de développement – Océan Indien (CRAAD-OI), basé à Antananarivo, œuvre à la promotion d’alternatives de développement durable centrées sur la promotion et la protection des droits humains des populations les plus vulnérables aux changements climatiques, à l’exploitation des terres rares et aux projets agro-industriels à Madagascar.</p><p>« Madagascar possède un écosystème très précieux et sensible, mais il est gravement menacé par les changements climatiques. Avec des émissions de dioxyde de carbone de près de 0,1 tonne par habitant, c’est l’un des pays qui contribue le moins à la crise climatique », a déclaré Volahery Andriamanantenasoa, responsable de programme pour le CRAAD-OI. « Aujourd’hui, plus de 1 800 espèces endémiques sont menacées d’extinction, selon la liste rouge 2020 des espèces menacées de l’Union internationale pour la conservation de la nature, dont 80 % des espèces végétales et animales endémiques du pays. »</p><p>En préparation de la Conférence des Parties à la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques (COP26), le HCDH s’est associé en septembre 2021 avec le CRAAD-OI pour organiser le premier Forum public sur la justice climatique et les droits de l’homme à Madagascar. Ce Forum a accueilli plus de 100 représentants de communautés locales affectées par les changements climatiques à travers le pays, ainsi que d’organisations de femmes et de jeunes et du Ministère de l’environnement et du développement durable.</p><p>Volahery Andriamanantenasoa a fait remarquer que la plupart des organisations de la société civile dans le domaine de l’environnement dans son pays se concentraient sur la responsabilité individuelle, mais qu’un mouvement de la jeunesse national émergent avait commencé à faire évoluer le discours vers la justice climatique. Madagascar a été frappée par plusieurs catastrophes naturelles, la sécheresse et la famine dans le sud, ces phénomènes ayant poussé les populations à migrer vers le nord pour trouver des terres cultivables afin de survivre.</p><p>« Malheureusement, la dégradation généralisée de l’environnement naturel du pays est assortie de politiques de développement qui tendent à perpétuer le système d’extraction hérité de l’époque coloniale et des régimes ayant suivi l’indépendance », a déclaré Mme Andriamanantenasoa.</p><p>« Ces politiques sont particulièrement axées sur la promotion des secteurs extractif et agro-industriel, ainsi que sur le développement de l’économie bleue et la création de zones économiques spéciales dédiées aux investisseurs étrangers. Ces stratégies de développement se caractérisent donc par leur forte empreinte écologique et l’exploitation illégale des terres, ce qui cause un problème récurrent d’accaparement des terres. »</p><p>Le Forum organisé par le HCDH et le CRAAD-IO s’est terminé par l’adoption de la Déclaration d’Antananarivo pour la justice climatique, élaborée par les jeunes du mouvement social malgache pour la justice climatique afin d’alerter les autorités nationales sur les questions de droits économiques, sociaux et culturels liées aux changements climatiques. Ils espèrent également que la Déclaration permettra d’appuyer leur plaidoyer auprès du Gouvernement pour qu’il promeuve et intègre l’éducation à l’environnement dans les établissements scolaires, qu’il mette en place un « Fonds vert pour le climat » et qu’il garantisse l’accès des jeunes à ce fonds, qu’il modifie le code pénal malgache pour y introduire des délits environnementaux, qu’il rende opérationnel un tribunal vert et qu’il ratifie le Protocole facultatif se rapportant au Pacte international relatif aux droits économiques, sociaux et culturels.</p><p>Durant la COP21 à Paris en 2015, les pays développés ont été appelés à renforcer leur <a href="https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/climate-finance-roadmap-to-us100-billion.pdf">soutien pour mobiliser 100 milliards USD par an d’ici 2020</a> pour l’action climatique dans les pays en développement.</p><p>« À la COP, nous demandons aux grands pays du monde du Nord de payer leur dette historique, écologique et climatique à Madagascar. Ils se sont engagés à faire tellement de choses, il est temps à présent de compenser les pertes et les dommages irréversibles causés par leurs actions », a-t-elle déclaré.</p><p>« Ils doivent essayer de réparer, si cela est encore possible, les dommages qu’ils ont causés et tenter de mettre en place des mesures d’adaptation et d’atténuation en consultation avec les communautés locales », a-t-elle ajouté. « Jusqu’à présent, les décisions sur la compensation des émissions de carbone ont été prises dans les hautes sphères, mais l’argent n’est pas parvenu aux communautés locales. Nous avons besoin de programmes concrets sur le climat et de mesures concrètes ayant un impact concret sur la population. » </p></div></div></div>					</div>
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			<h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-small"><a href="https://www.ohchr.org/fr/stories/2021/11/calling-rights-based-response-environmental-degradation-madagascar?fbclid=IwAR12R3qydXKdchh0APpVeKvUqomvC_yh-3pNl5m55LXS8M40csD_3WnntaQ">Source</a></h2>		</div>
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		<p>The post <a href="https://craadoimada.com/madagascar-un-appel-a-ladoption-dune-approche-fondee-sur-les-droits-pour-lutter-contre-la-degradation-de-lenvironnement-3/">Madagascar : un appel à l’adoption d’une approche fondée sur les droits pour lutter contre la dégradation de l’environnement</a> appeared first on <a href="https://craadoimada.com">CRAAD-OI</a>.</p>
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		<title>Madagascar and the New Frontiers of Sacrifice Zones</title>
		<link>https://craadoimada.com/madagascar-and-the-new-frontiers-of-sacrifice-zones/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[CRAAD-OI]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 03 May 2023 08:18:39 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[On en parle]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[<p>Madagascar and the New Frontiers of Sacrifice Zones The African country is rich in minerals, including rare earth elements. But extracting them from the...</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://craadoimada.com/madagascar-and-the-new-frontiers-of-sacrifice-zones/">Madagascar and the New Frontiers of Sacrifice Zones</a> appeared first on <a href="https://craadoimada.com">CRAAD-OI</a>.</p>
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				<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Madagascar and the New Frontiers of Sacrifice Zones</strong></p><p>The African country is rich in minerals, including rare earth elements. But extracting them from the ground poses enormous environmental and social risks.</p><p>By <a href="https://fpif.org/authors/zo-randriamaro/">Zo Randriamaro</a> | April 19, 2023</p><p>Madagascar, a collection of islands off the east coast of Africa, is among the countries most impacted by climate change. It is a resource-rich country that is also struggling with poverty, debt, crumbling health systems, the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, and a myriad of other problems. The country’s economic recovery depends on the transition to cleaner energy, but only if its development model effectively reduces environmental, climate and disaster risks, and provides social and economic benefits to the vulnerable groups that constitute 80 percent of the population.</p><p>The International Energy Agency <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/the-role-of-critical-minerals-in-clean-energy-transitions">estimates</a> that by 2040, renewable energies such as wind and solar power will account for 82 percent of total metal and mineral demand. Another significant portion of metals will be devoted to the replacement of gasoline-powered cars with electric cars (which require six times more metals and minerals) and to the overall decarbonization of the transportation sector. <a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/extractiveindustries/brief/climate-smart-mining-minerals-for-climate-action#:~:text=Smart%20Mining%20Video-,Overview,demand%20for%20clean%20energy%20technologies.">According to the World Bank</a>, more than three billion tons of metals and ores—including rare earths, cobalt, graphite, nickel, copper, and lithium—will be needed over the next 30 years to power technologies related to the energy transition.</p><p>Madagascar’s wealth in minerals and metals critical to the energy transition places the Big Island in a particularly delicate position. In the face of increasing global demand, companies from rich countries have rushed to secure these metals, particularly the rare earths with which Madagascar has been richly endowed by nature. The country sorely lacks the capacity to value these critical minerals and negotiate profitable contracts with the multinational companies that dominate the extractive industries.</p><p>Madagascar has become a “sacrifice zone” where the lives of the local inhabitants risk being “sacrificed” so that richer countries can successfully make their own energy transition. What geographer Julie Klinger <a href="https://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/9781501714597/rare-earth-frontiers/">calls</a> “rare earth frontiers” are located in places where local lives and landscapes are seen as expendable in the name of the common good:</p><p><em>These places where toxic companies and their harmful effects eventually land are known as ‘sacrifice zones,’ because their destruction is seen as indispensable for achieving the common good. It is in the areas of sacrifice that the so-called negative externalities are located. They are not ephemeral or intangible: they have a specific geography that can be mapped. The destruction of landscapes and lives in rare earth mining has generally been seen as a fair price to pay, usually by those who do not live in the sacrifice zone. </em></p><p>As one European Union (EU) energy transition analyst <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r2qyC_II8OA">has pointed out</a>, “somewhere there is always someone sacrificing something, and at the moment this issue is not openly discussed in the EU. By refusing to build the new mines needed for the green transition itself, Europe is only shifting these harmful side effects to developing countries.”</p><p>How can Madagascar take advantage of its natural resources while minimizing the environment risks and not forcing the population to live in a sacrifice zone?</p><p><strong>The Diversity of Madagascar</strong></p><p>The rare earths mining project on the Ampasindava Peninsula in Madagascar has not reached the exploitation stage of extraction and processing. This is largely due to the resistance movement by local communities against the project to safeguard their livelihoods and their ecological and cultural heritage.</p><p>The majority of people affected by the rare earths project live on the Ampasindava Peninsula, also known as <em>Tanibe Andrefa</em> or “Great Land to the West” by the Sakalava, the majority ethnic group living there. The peninsula has about 33,000 inhabitants spread over 27 villages and four rural communes. It benefits from a microclimate that has allowed the production of the high value-added export crops of cocoa, vanilla, pepper, and coffee. Thanks to its indented coastline, rich in both coral reefs and immense mangroves, its exceptional marine biodiversity provides a living for many households through traditional fishing activities.</p><p>The Ampasindava Peninsula was formally designated a protected area in 2015 across 900 square kilometers, with the exception of the rare earths project mining concession. Eighty percent of Madagascar’s plants are endemic to the country, and 8 percent exist only on the peninsula. At least eight species of lemurs live on the peninsula, and six are endemic to northwestern Madagascar. Six of these are listed as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and the other two are vulnerable. The ecoregion, which features the second most diverse coral reef in the world, is one of the last sanctuaries at the regional level for the dugong and blue whale, both critically endangered species according to the IUCN. In addition, the beaches of Nosy Iranja Island, off the peninsula, are one of the most important nesting sites for green and hawksbill turtles in Madagascar. The mangroves, meanwhile, play a crucial role in sustaining fisheries that provide food and income for local people, protect villages from cyclones, and help combat climate change by storing significant amounts of carbon.</p><p>Over the centuries, a cultural identity on the Ampasindava Peninsula was built at the crossroads of the maritime routes of the Indian Ocean. The bay of Ampasindava shelters the vestiges of one of the oldest Malagasy cities, Mahilaka, which was a Swahili trading post. Today, cults and rituals dedicated to spirits and ancestors are still practiced on the Ampasindava peninsula, in places preserved by local communities as animist sacred sites or cemeteries. There are also many other archaeological sites in the region, such as the islands of Ambariotelo and Marodoka on Nosy Be, which are part of what is known as the “Echelles Anciens du Commerce” in northern Madagascar, a commercial and cultural network that links the region to the Comoros, Zanzibar, and East Africa.<strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Madagascar and Rare Earth Elements</strong></p><p>The beginning of rare earth exploration in the Ampasindava Peninsula dates back to the end of the nineteenth century, with studies conducted during colonization by French geologists who noted the presence of a particular granitic rock and studied the mineralogical properties of this rock named <em>fasibitikite</em> in the local language, notably its niobium-tantalum-zirconium composition which was documented in 1922.</p><p>From 1988 to 1991, the Soviet Geological Mission explored the potential of the zone in partnership with the National Military Office for Strategic Industries (OMNIS). On April 18, 2003, Calibra Resources and Engineers obtained an exploration license for the Ampasindava concession, which was transferred in January 2008 to Zebu Metals, which continued the evaluation studies of the concession’s mining potential.</p><p>In February 2009, a <em>coup d’état</em> deposed President-elect Marc Ravalomanana during his second term. Andry Rajoelina became the president of the High Transitional Authority, which ruled the country until 2013, and granted in October 2009 to Tantalum Rare Earth Malagasy (TREM) the exploration license for the Ampasindava concession, which consists of 48 mining blocks with a total area of 300 square kilometers. Because TREM is registered in Mauritius as an offshore company, it is virtually tax-exempt in Madagascar under the Mauritius-Madagascar bilateral tax agreement.</p><p>Ampasindava has been considered as one of the most promising rare earth deposits outside of China since December 2011, following an estimate of its mineral resources at 104,000 tons of rare earth oxides (REO). Those deposits are predominantly in the layer of soil overlying the source rock, which greatly facilitates their extraction. By October 2014, SGS Canada Inc. had re-estimated Ampasindava’s mineral resources at 562,000 tonnes of REO that are low in radioactive elements and high in the most expensive and “critical” heavy rare earths.</p><p>TREM’s exploration permit had been renewed in January 2015 for three years. Despite the dubious nature of its mining permit—which was issued by the Transitional Regime, which did not have the authority to make long-term commitments on behalf of the country—the company had started its research operations with thousands of test pits drilled throughout its mining concession. It planned to conduct a pilot mining test and build a plant in the Betaimboay village, which is very close to the seashore, in parallel with continued exploration in other areas of Ampasindava.</p><p>TREM’s failure to rehabilitate many test pits and the complaints of peasants about its research operations conducted without their prior agreement led to the mobilization by a local peasant organization of a large part of the communities neighboring the rare earth exploitation project. Several NGOs working in the environmental field then joined the effort. The first declaration expressing opposition to the rare earth mining project appeared in 2016, and was presented to parliamentarians. The head of TREM responded by sending a letter to the minister of mines complaining of defamation by civil society.</p><p>Also that year, the National Environment Office (ONE) authorized TREM to commission an environmental impact assessment of its pilot production plans in Ampasindava. Although pilot production cannot begin until this assessment has been approved, no assessment was submitted to the ONE for approval. TREM’s exploration license expired in January 2017, and the company has not taken any samples since then, although it still has two monitored enclosures and at least one other fenced area in Ampasindava.</p><p>TREM has also had several shifts in ownership. In 2016, a majority of shares went to a Singapore-based company, ISR Capital. Then, in 2020, control shifted back to a Mauritius-based company, Reenova Rare Earth Malagasy (RREM). Faced with strong opposition from affected communities, RREM attempted to restart operations. But in mid-2022, its president died and two senior executives resigned, stating that the company was no longer able to function as an entity. The RREM project is currently on hold, and its local offices are closed.</p><p><strong>The impact of the Rare Earths Projects</strong></p><p>At public meetings in early February 2015, TREM announced that thousands of exploratory drillings had discovered that the deposit in the Ampasindava region contained rare earth oxides at a concentration of 0.08 percent, including praseodymium, neodymium, terbium, and dysprosium. According to the company, Madagascar’s ionic clays, 20 percent of which appear to be heavy rare earths, the most sought after and difficult to produce, are similar to those mined in southern China.</p><p>Extraction, therefore, is likely to be similar as well—through on-site leaching. In its 2016 letter to the Ministry of Mines authorities, TREM explained the methodology: pits would be dug to be filled with leachant, ammonium sulfate diluted in clear water. The pulp—water containing rare earth sulfate—would be collected through sub-horizontal tunnels. Once the rare earths were removed from the soil, the site would be subjected to a high-pressure wash to remove any residual chemicals and to remediate the groundwater before the tunnel shafts were closed.</p><p>China, which has a monopoly on global rare earth production, has relied on-site leaching technology since June 2011 to break with two decades of surface filtration of ammonium sulfate clays, which resulted in severe environmental degradation and adverse health impacts on workers and nearby communities. Although considered less harmful, the on-site leaching method is controversial because its environmental impacts are far from negligible. It does not completely avoid the destruction of vegetation cover, while necessarily leading to soil pollution and potentially groundwater pollution as well.</p><p>To obtain one ton of rare earths, it is necessary to process about 1,300 tons of clay soil. The company expected to produce 10,000 tons of rare earth ore per year for at least 40 years, which translates into the processing of the astronomical quantity of 520 million tons of clay soil. This will affect 7,000 hectares, one-third of which is expected to have its vegetation completely destroyed and the top layer of soil removed. Approximately 2,200 hectares of natural vegetation cover, rice fields, cash crop plantations, and areas needed for the livelihoods of riparian communities will be destroyed. Moreover, the massive deforestation is expected to significantly reduce the range of Mittermeier’s sportive lemur, one of the endangered lemurs found only on the Ampasindava Peninsula.</p><p><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/rare-earth-mining-china-social-environmental-costs"><em>According to The Guardian</em></a> , “the production of one ton of rare earths generates 1,000 tons of water contaminated with ammonium sulfate and heavy metals, and 2,000 tons of toxic waste.” TREM planned to export 10,000 tons of rare earths per year for more than 40 years, so the waste generation would be an estimated 400 million tons of contaminated water and 800 million tons of toxic waste over the life cycle of the mine. To avoid contamination, TREM would have to store the sludge in completely watertight compartments strong enough to withstand heavy rains and bad weather. Northern Madagascar experiences rainfall in excess of 2,000 millimeters per year. There is therefore a high risk of leaks or overflows from the storage sites, which would lead to changes in the acidity and siltation of nearby rivers.</p><p>The topography and hydrography of the peninsula increase the risk of contamination, as rivers and runoff flow from the mountains to the sea through the peninsula, its valleys, forests, crops, and mangroves. In the event of a cyclone, mismanagement of clay sludge storage can lead to an unprecedented disaster for the entire coastal zone, its biodiversity, and the resources on which the survival of its communities depends. Acidification of coastal waters would be fatal for coral reefs.</p><p>On-site leaching uses large quantities of water and is not “hydrogeologically controllable,” which implies a high risk of contamination of groundwater and surface water because the medium in which the leach solution circulates is not confined. The resulting water pollution due to increased pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, sulfates, and other pollutants leads to disruption of ionic balances and a decline in biodiversity. Sulfate pollution of rivers and downstream reservoirs persists long after mining ceases due to increased microbial production of hydrogen sulfate, a substance that is extremely toxic to many aquatic organisms and plants.</p><p>The various stages of the industrial process of rare earths extraction and concentration involve the production of “large quantities of toxic residues, in the form of gaseous emissions, dust, wastewater, and solid waste, containing fluorides, sulfides, acids, and heavy metals, among others. It is estimated that 6-7 tons of ammonium sulfate and 1.2-1.5 tons of oxalic acid are required to produce one ton of rare earth oxides.</p><p>Furthermore, the radioactive risk during the extraction and concentration of rare earths cannot be overlooked, even though TREM claimed the existence of low levels of radioactivity as well as a minimal presence of thorium and uranium in the ores it explores. Indeed, as underlined by Julie Klinger, “all rare earths can cause organ damage if inhaled or ingested; several corrode the skin; and five of them—chromium, gadolinium, terbium, thulium, and holmium—are so toxic that they must be handled with extreme care to avoid radiation poisoning or combustion. In addition, rare earths tend to coincide with radioactive thorium and uranium, which means that rare earth mining also creates radioactive waste that must be addressed.»</p><p>The environmental impacts of the rare earths project are very likely to turn into real social and economic costs that will be borne mostly by women and their communities. In particular, farmers derive their income from growing rice and cash crops such as vanilla, pepper, coffee and cocoa. If rare earth mining were to continue, farmers would suffer a considerable loss of income. Water pollution would reduce the catch for fishermen, whose daily catches have already dropped by 50-60 percent between 2019 and 2022.</p><p>In addition, the erosion of living standards and loss of income for women and their families would mean that many of their children, especially girls, would no longer be able to attend school, as shown by field research results in the coastal areas of the Ampasindava Peninsula. This would clearly have a detrimental long-term intergenerational impact on their educational and employment prospects.</p><p>The impact on the development of the tourism sector would be particularly disastrous, given that it is the mainstay of the livelihoods of the vast majority of the population of Nosy Be, Sakatia, and the other islands bordering the peninsula.</p><p><strong>Madagascar’s Alternatives</strong></p><p>Madagascar has long suffered from the “resource curse.” The exploitation of the country’s natural resources has stimulated rentier behavior and government authoritarianism, as well as poverty among local populations and inequalities within the country. The country’s history is full of examples of national leaders unable to exploit natural resources for the improvement of the living standards of present and future generations. The root causes of this resource curse include public mismanagement of natural resources revenues and weak, inefficient, unstable, and corrupt institutions. The volatility of natural resources revenues due to fluctuations in world commodity prices is also a more cyclical cause.</p><p>In general, policy makers need to reconsider the role and place of extractive industries in the country’s economic development in light of the impacts of the neoliberal and extractivist policies that have led to the multidimensional crisis facing the country. The protection of common public goods—land, air, water—must be ensured in the face of the climate crisis and the global race for strategic minerals.</p><p>The exploitation of mineral resources must be based on local and regional priorities with the free, informed, prior, and ongoing consent of the communities concerned. It must give priority to small-scale, low-impact extraction under collective forms of ownership and control.</p><p>Madagascar’s energy transition must ensure energy sovereignty through collective, decentralized, and sustainable forms of renewable energy under the democratic control of communities, and the gradual reduction of fossil fuel exploitation within the limits imposed by the national targets set out in the Paris Agreement on Climate Change.</p><p>Madagascar’s transition to clean energy must respect international labor, health, safety, and human rights standards, particularly women’s rights and social protection for vulnerable groups. The overall ecosocial transition must also harness the dividend of the Malagasy youth, given that high rates of youth unemployment in the country create fertile ground for insecurity, conflict, and other social ills.</p><p>By Zo Randriamaro, a feminist and human rights activist, is researcher and sociologist from Madagascar. She is the founder of the Research and Support Center for Development Alternatives–Indian Ocean, which provides support to communities affected by large-scale mining and agricultural projects.</p>					</div>
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		<p>The post <a href="https://craadoimada.com/madagascar-and-the-new-frontiers-of-sacrifice-zones/">Madagascar and the New Frontiers of Sacrifice Zones</a> appeared first on <a href="https://craadoimada.com">CRAAD-OI</a>.</p>
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		<title>ALALINO CRAADOI DU 30 AVRIL 2023 BY KOLO TV</title>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 02 May 2023 13:25:44 +0000</pubDate>
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